English Composition/Sentence Writing (Part 3) - Revision history

Admin at 23:06, 14 November 2019

2019-11-14T23:06:55Z

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	Conjunctions connect words and words, phrases and phrases in separate sentences or sentences in a sentence.		Conjunctions connect words and words, phrases and phrases in separate sentences or sentences in a sentence.
-	There are equality conjunctions, subordinate conjunctions, and connection adverbs, but see the grammar section for details. Here is an excerpt of the basic and frequent '''and, but, or, so, because'''.	+	There are equality conjunctions, subordinate conjunctions, and connection adverbs, but see the grammar section for details. Here is an excerpt of the basic and frequent '''and, but, or, so, because '''.

	==== and ====		==== and ====

Admin at 10:00, 14 November 2019

2019-11-14T10:00:14Z

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	*<span class="pops"> [[cai2_en:ENGWRI00010007\|Go to CAI Exercise page]] </span>		*<span class="pops"> [[cai2_en:ENGWRI00010007\|Go to CAI Exercise page]] </span>
		+
		+
		+
		+	[[en:English_Composition/Sentence_Writing_(Part_3)]]
		+	[[ja:英作文/センテンス・ライティング_(Part_3)]]

Admin at 09:40, 13 November 2019

2019-11-13T09:40:51Z

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	:: □ I found a parking space right '''in front of''' the entrance to the home center.		:: □ I found a parking space right '''in front of''' the entrance to the home center.
	:: □ He made a speech in English '''in front of''' a group of people.		:: □ He made a speech in English '''in front of''' a group of people.
		+
		+	==== ③ by, near, next to ====
		+
		+	☆ '''by''' = (to the side)
		+
		+	:: □ Please come and sit '''by''' me.
		+	:: □ I walked '''by''' the bookstore this morning, but it was closed.
		+
		+	☆ '''near''' = (Besides ~) Sense of adjacency is farther than '''by''' or '''next to'''.
		+
		+	:: □ The elementary school is located '''near''' a bus stop.
		+
		+	☆ '''next to'''
		+
		+	:: □ Joe lives on the third-floor '''next to''' Jay.
		+	:: □ We seated '''next to''' each other in the second row from the front.
		+
		+	==== ④ above, over ====
		+
		+	☆ '''above'''
		+
		+	:: □ The picture '''above''' the bookshelf looks very old.
		+	:: □ A helicopter is flying '''above''' the stadium.
		+
		+	☆ '''over''' = (~ above, beyond ...)
		+
		+	:: □ The helicopter flew '''over''' the mountain.
		+	:: □ The thief climbed '''over''' the wall and ran away.
		+
		+	==== ⑤ between ====
		+
		+	:: □ There is a narrow pathway '''between''' the postoffice and my apartment.
		+	:: □ Let's put this table '''between''' these two chairs
		+
		+
		+	==== Preposition to indicate direction ====
		+
		+	[in, into, out of, off, to, toward, for, from ...]
		+
		+	==== ① in, into ====
		+
		+	☆ '''in''', '''into''' = (enter, become)
		+
		+	:: □ I walked '''in / into''' the classroom and sat down.
		+	:: □ Put some small amount of oil '''in / into''' a pan.
		+	:: □ I dropped the glass on the floor, and it broke '''into''' pieces.
		+
		+	==== ② out of, off ====
		+
		+	☆ '''out of''' = (go out / out)
		+
		+	:: □ On hearing the fire alarm, we walked '''out of''' the building immediately.
		+	:: □ I think she is in an area '''out of''' cellular phone range.
		+
		+	☆ '' 'off' '' = (excluded from, removed)
		+
		+	:: □ My father fell '''off''' a ladder and injured his leg.
		+	:: □ This area is '''off''' limit to children under seven years old.
		+
		+
		+
		+
		+
		+
		+	==== ③ to, toward, for ====
		+
		+	☆ '''to''' = (Image of going straight to the destination, to)
		+
		+	:: □ Please open your textbook '''to''' page 36.
		+	:: □ I walked '''to''' the bookstore this morning and bought a reference book.
		+
		+	☆ '''toward''', '''for''' == (image heading in the direction of ~)
		+	:: □ I am walking '''toward''' his office with my sister.
		+	:: □ To go to Ueno, take Shinkansen (bullet train) bound '''for''' Tokyo.
		+
		+	==== ④ from = (image leaving the starting point, from) ====
		+
		+	:: □ Ms. Chen arrived in Tokyo '''from''' Beijing this afternoon.
		+	:: □ It is too far to walk '''from''' here to St. Patrick's Cathedral.
		+
		+
		+	==== Other ====
		+
		+	[with, without, about ..]
		+
		+	=== ① with, without ====
		+
		+	☆ '''with'''
		+
		+	:: □ Bob bought a new sports car '''with''' a sunroof.
		+
		+	☆ '''without''' = (No, not)
		+
		+	:: □ Nowadays, especially younger people feel nervous '''without''' smartphone.
		+
		+	==== ② about ====
		+
		+	:: □ This book is '''about''' a famous woman novelist written by her ground daughter.
		+	:: □ It should be '''about''' 6 o'clock now in Paris.
		+
		+
		+
		+	== Related Links ==
		+
		+	* [http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/english-grammar-guide/ English Grammar: a complete guide - Edufind]
		+	* [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries]
		+
		+	== CAI Exercise ==
		+
		+	*<span class="pops"> [[cai2_en:ENGWRI00010007\|Go to CAI Exercise page]] </span>

Admin at 07:37, 13 November 2019

2019-11-13T07:37:47Z

Admin at 07:35, 13 November 2019

2019-11-13T07:35:28Z

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	:: □ Ashley felt sick '''while''' she was taking the exam.		:: □ Ashley felt sick '''while''' she was taking the exam.
	:: □ '''While''' running the half-marathon, he hurt his foot.		:: □ '''While''' running the half-marathon, he hurt his foot.
		+
		+	==== Prepositions that represent locations and locations ====
		+
		+	[in, on, at, behind, by, near, above, over, below, under, in front of, next to, between ...]
		+
		+	==== ① in, on, at ====
		+
		+	☆ '''in''' = (image in a box, such as a space, region, or column)
		+
		+	:: □ When I went there, there's no one '''in''' the building.
		+	:: □ Ken is swimming '''in''' the pool '''in''' the health club now.
		+	:: □ When I was '''in''' Japan last year, I spent a few days '''in''' Kyoto.
		+	:: □ I found an interesting article '' 'in' '' the newspaper.
		+
		+	☆ '''on''' = (image in contact with the surface and the outside)
		+
		+	:: □ A Starbucks is '''on''' that corner.
		+	:: □ What happened! There's a red stain '''on''' your shirt.
		+
		+	* On top of ('''on''' is acceptable on top of ~)
		+
		+	:: □ Please put these books back '''on top of''' the bookshelf.
		+
		+	Riding on a train, bus, airplane, ship, bicycle, motorcycle, horse => '''on''' .
		+
		+	Driving a car => taxi '''in'''.
		+
		+	Riding on a taxi => '''in'''.
		+
		+	:: □ I think that a famous actress is '''in''' that car. I passed the car '''on''' my motorcycle.
		+
		+	☆ '''at''' = (images of points, points, relatively narrow places)
		+
		+	:: □ Turn left '''at''' the next traffic light, and you will see the gate.
		+	:: □ When you leave the hotel, please leave your key '''at''' the front desk.
		+	:: □ Write your name and student ID number '''at''' the top of the paper.
		+
		+	* '''on''' + street name, '''at''' + address
		+
		+	:: □ Kay lives '''at''' 1187 '''on''' Broadway Street.
		+
		+	'''at home''' means that you are at home. There is no preposition on 'home' including moving homes.
		+
		+	→ I was at home all day yesterday.
		+
		+	→ I am going back home right after school.
		+
		+	==== ② behind, in front of ====
		+
		+	☆ '''behind''' = (in the background)
		+
		+	:: □ Please stay '''behind''' me.
		+	:: □ There should be complex background '''behind''' the incident.
		+
		+	☆ '''in front of''' = (before)
		+
		+	:: □ I found a parking space right '''in front of''' the entrance to the home center.
		+	:: □ He made a speech in English '''in front of''' a group of people.

Admin at 07:08, 13 November 2019

2019-11-13T07:08:41Z

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	:: □ I have to take a makeup exam next Friday.		:: □ I have to take a makeup exam next Friday.
	:: □ Tracy got married last march.		:: □ Tracy got married last march.
		+
		+	==== ④ for (period) ====
		+
		+	:: □ This train ticket is valid '''for''' three days including the date of issue.
		+	:: □ It took me '''for''' five years to finish the graduate course.
		+
		+	==== ⑤ since (starting from the current ongoing matter) ====
		+
		+	:: □ My parents have lived in the suburbs of Tokyo '''since''' 2002.
		+	:: □ The cathedral has been under renovation '''since''' 1995.
		+
		+	==== ⑥ until (When finished) ====
		+
		+	:: □ This train ticket is valid '''until''' the day after tomorrow.
		+	:: □ I had to work overtime '''until''' 10 o'clock yesterday.
		+
		+	In colloquial style, you may use ''' 'till' ''' instead of '''until''', but the official sentence applies '''until'''.
		+
		+	==== ⑦ from .... to / until (period ~ to ~) ====
		+
		+	:: □ I normally work '''from''' 9 o'clock '''until''' 6 o'clock on weekdays.
		+	:: □ It's about 1.5 kilometers '''from''' the Station '''to''' my appartment.
		+
		+	==== ⑧ by (deadline) ====
		+
		+	:: □ Please let us know '''by''' Thursday whether or not you can come to the gathering.
		+	:: □ If you want to take the class, you should register '''by''' the end of March.
		+
		+	Pay attention to the difference in use and meaning between '''until''' and '''by'''!
		+
		+	:: □ It's too late to go shopping. The stores are only open '''until''' 6 o'clock on Sundays. They'll be closed '''by''' now.
		+
		+	==== ⑨ before, after ====
		+
		+	'''before''', '''after''' may be followed by verbal nouns and clauses in addition to nouns.
		+
		+	:: □ '''Before''' going out, I finished my schoolwork. = '''Before''' I went out, I finished my schoolwork.
		+	:: □ I will come straight back home '''after''' I've finished the class.
		+
		+	==== ⑩ during ====
		+
		+	'''during''' is followed by a noun.
		+
		+	:: □ Ashley felt sick '''during''' the exam.
		+	:: □ I read a lot of books '''during''' the period of hospitalization.
		+
		+	==== ⑪ while (while you are) ====
		+
		+	A while or verbal noun follows after the while.
		+
		+	:: □ Ashley felt sick '''while''' she was taking the exam.
		+	:: □ '''While''' running the half-marathon, he hurt his foot.

Admin at 06:18, 13 November 2019

2019-11-13T06:18:02Z

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	:: □ '''Because''' it was very hot last night ''',''' I left my air conditioner on throughout the night.		:: □ '''Because''' it was very hot last night ''',''' I left my air conditioner on throughout the night.
		+
		+	=== Usage of prepositions ===
		+
		+	Make preposition phrases with preposition + noun or verbal noun.
		+	Prepositional phrases modify nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, other prepositional phrases, etc. in sentences to give information about time, location, position, direction, purpose, and so on.
		+	See the grammar section for details.
		+
		+	==== Preposition for Time ====
		+
		+	[at, on, in, for, since, from, to, until, by, before, after, during, while ....]
		+
		+	==== ① at (specific or limited time) ====
		+
		+	:: □ I have an appointment with the dentist '''at''' eleven o'clock.
		+	:: □ Mr. Garcia was busy '''at''' that time, so I didn't see him.
		+	:: □ Ken, my childhood friend, was a torchbearer '''at''' the Winter Olympics.
		+
		+	==== ② on (dates, days of the week, holidays, specific days, etc.) ====
		+
		+	:: □ My uncle and aunt are coming to our house '''on''' Christmas Day this year.
		+	:: □ Tina usually go to the charch '''on''' Sunday morning.
		+	:: □ I have been invited to Tracy's wedding '''on''' March 29th.
		+
		+	'''On''' before date or day of week can be omitted.
		+
		+	'''on time''', '''on schedule''' when people or things are following the schedule
		+
		+	→ We have to stay '''on schedule''' otherwise we won't finish our project '''on time'''.
		+
		+	==== ③ in (Morning, evening, year, month, season, era, etc.) ====
		+
		+	:: □ I always feel sleepy '''in''' the afternoon.
		+	:: □ The consumption tax is going up again '''in''' November.
		+	:: □ Many castles in Europe were built '''in''' the Middle Ages.
		+
		+	* Use '''at''' instead of '''in''' for night:
		+
		+	:: □ I usually listen to music '''at''' night before bedtime.
		+
		+	'''on''' instead of '''in''' if the day of the week is in front of morning, afternoon, evening:
		+
		+	:: □ They usually go out for grocery shopping '''on''' Saturday afternoon.
		+
		+	'''In''' for future time (viewed from now):
		+
		+	:: □ Tracy is getting married '''in''' three months.
		+	:: □ The train will be leaving '''in''' a few munites.
		+
		+	You can't put '''at, on, in''' in front of '''last, next, this, every'''.
		+
		+	:: □ I have to take a makeup exam next Friday.
		+	:: □ Tracy got married last march.

Admin at 05:54, 13 November 2019

2019-11-13T05:54:05Z

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	:: □ My mother loved the book, '''but''' she didn't like the movie.		:: □ My mother loved the book, '''but''' she didn't like the movie.
	:: □ I'll try my best, '''but''' I'm not sure if I can.		:: □ I'll try my best, '''but''' I'm not sure if I can.
		+
		+	==== or ====
		+
		+	Combining things with multiple choices, opinions, etc.:
		+
		+	:: □ You can take the subway '''or''' the bus to the Metropolitan Musium.
		+	:: □ Which do you prefer, apple '''or''' orange?
		+	:: □ We will be able to reply to you by e-mail within one '''or''' two weeks.
		+
		+	Combining clauses with alternatives, a comma (,) precedes '''or''':
		+
		+	:: □ You can ride the bus to the Metropolitan Musium, '''or''' you can walk.
		+	:: □ Do you prefer bright colors like red and yellow, '''or''' dark colors like black and grey?
		+	:: □ We can go out for dinner tonight, '''or''' we can eat at home.
		+
		+	==== so ====
		+
		+	Receiving the previous sentence and expressing the result,
		+	'''so''' is preceded by a comma (,).
		+
		+	:: □ It was very hot last night ''', so''' I left my air conditioner on throughout the night.
		+	:: □ This is a delicate matter of timing ''', so''' let us get this straight now.
		+	:: □ My computer wasn't working properly for a couple of days ''', so''' I didn't get your email until this morning.
		+
		+	==== because ====
		+
		+	Taking the previous sentence and expressing the reason or cause:
		+
		+	:: □ I left my air conditioner on throughout the night '''because''' it was very hot last night
		+	:: □ I didn't get your email until this morning '''because''' my computer wasn't working properly for a couple of days.
		+	:: □ Lynn didn't go to school yesterday '''because''' she felt sick.
		+
		+	'''Because''' can also be placed in front of a sentence. In this case, the sentence sections are separated by a comma (,):
		+
		+	:: □ '''Because''' it was very hot last night ''',''' I left my air conditioner on throughout the night.

Admin at 05:43, 13 November 2019

2019-11-13T05:43:41Z

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	There is additional information in the sentence:		There is additional information in the sentence:
		+
		+	:: □ It is hot '''and''' humid in Tokyo today.
		+	:: □ Read the following passage '''and''' answer the questions that follow.
		+	:: □ I think many TV programs are stupid '''and''' boring.
		+
		+	Connecting independent clauses, a comma (,) precedes '''and''':
		+
		+	:: □ Keiko works in accounting '''and''' I work in sales department.
		+	:: □ Big cars are expensive '''and''' waste fuel ''', and''' that makes them not practical.
		+	:: □ I heard the sound of rumbling thunder ''', and''' the rain started.
		+
		+	==== but ====
		+
		+	There is contrasting information in the sentence:
		+
		+	:: □ It's sunny '''but''' cold today.
		+	:: □ The Japanese restaurant is expensive '''but''' worth it.
		+	:: □ Mr. Miller is not a lawyer '''but''' a certified public accountant.
		+
		+	Connecting contrasting independent clauses, '''but''' is preceded by a comma(,):
		+
		+	:: □ Neither Bob nor Lynn can come to the party ''', but''' I will be there.
		+	:: □ My mother loved the book, '''but''' she didn't like the movie.
		+	:: □ I'll try my best, '''but''' I'm not sure if I can.

Admin at 05:34, 13 November 2019

2019-11-13T05:34:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:34, 13 November 2019
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	== Sentence Writing (Part 3) ==		== Sentence Writing (Part 3) ==

		+	Part 3 shows how to use basic conjunctions and prepositions in sentences.

-	~~TBA~~	+	=== Using conjunctions ===
		+
		+	Conjunctions connect words and words, phrases and phrases in separate sentences or sentences in a sentence.
		+	There are equality conjunctions, subordinate conjunctions, and connection adverbs, but see the grammar section for details. Here is an excerpt of the basic and frequent '''and, but, or, so, because'''.
		+
		+	==== and ====
		+
		+	There is additional information in the sentence:

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:37, 13 November 2019
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	Connecting independent clauses, a comma (,) precedes '''and''':		Connecting independent clauses, a comma (,) precedes '''and''':

-	:: □ Keiko works in accounting '''and''' I work in sales department.	+	:: □ Keiko works in accounting '''and''' I work in the sales department.
	:: □ Big cars are expensive '''and''' waste fuel ''', and''' that makes them not practical.		:: □ Big cars are expensive '''and''' waste fuel ''', and''' that makes them not practical.
	:: □ I heard the sound of rumbling thunder ''', and''' the rain started.		:: □ I heard the sound of rumbling thunder ''', and''' the rain started.
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	Combining things with multiple choices, opinions, etc.:		Combining things with multiple choices, opinions, etc.:

-	:: □ You can take the subway '''or''' the bus to the Metropolitan ~~Musium~~.	+	:: □ You can take the subway '''or''' the bus to the Metropolitan Museum.
	:: □ Which do you prefer, apple '''or''' orange?		:: □ Which do you prefer, apple '''or''' orange?
	:: □ We will be able to reply to you by e-mail within one '''or''' two weeks.		:: □ We will be able to reply to you by e-mail within one '''or''' two weeks.
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	Combining clauses with alternatives, a comma (,) precedes '''or''':		Combining clauses with alternatives, a comma (,) precedes '''or''':

-	:: □ You can ride the bus to the Metropolitan ~~Musium~~, '''or''' you can walk.	+	:: □ You can ride the bus to the Metropolitan Museum, '''or''' you can walk.
	:: □ Do you prefer bright colors like red and yellow, '''or''' dark colors like black and grey?		:: □ Do you prefer bright colors like red and yellow, '''or''' dark colors like black and grey?
	:: □ We can go out for dinner tonight, '''or''' we can eat at home.		:: □ We can go out for dinner tonight, '''or''' we can eat at home.
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	:: □ My uncle and aunt are coming to our house '''on''' Christmas Day this year.		:: □ My uncle and aunt are coming to our house '''on''' Christmas Day this year.
-	:: □ Tina usually go to the ~~charch~~ '''on''' Sunday morning.	+	:: □ Tina usually goes to the church '''on''' Sunday morning.
	:: □ I have been invited to Tracy's wedding '''on''' March 29th.		:: □ I have been invited to Tracy's wedding '''on''' March 29th.

-	'''On''' before date or day of week can be omitted.	+	'''On''' before date or day of the week can be omitted.

	'''on time''', '''on schedule''' when people or things are following the schedule		'''on time''', '''on schedule''' when people or things are following the schedule

-	→ We have to stay '''on schedule''' otherwise we won't finish our project '''on time'''.	+	→ We have to stay '''on schedule''' otherwise, we won't finish our project '''on time'''.

	==== ③ in (Morning, evening, year, month, season, era, etc.) ====		==== ③ in (Morning, evening, year, month, season, era, etc.) ====
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	:: □ I usually listen to music '''at''' night before bedtime.		:: □ I usually listen to music '''at''' night before bedtime.

-	'''on''' instead of '''in''' if the day of the week is in front of morning, afternoon, evening:	+	'''on''' instead of '''in''' if the day of the week is in front of the morning, afternoon, evening:

	:: □ They usually go out for grocery shopping '''on''' Saturday afternoon.		:: □ They usually go out for grocery shopping '''on''' Saturday afternoon.
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	:: □ I have to take a makeup exam next Friday.		:: □ I have to take a makeup exam next Friday.
-	:: □ Tracy got married last ~~march~~.	+	:: □ Tracy got married the last March.

	==== ④ for (period) ====		==== ④ for (period) ====