English Composition/Sentence Writing (Part 2) - Revision history

Admin at 23:08, 14 November 2019

Admin — Thu, 14 Nov 2019 23:08:03 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:08, 14 November 2019
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	:: □ I cooked ’’ham’’ and '''eggs''' this morning.		:: □ I cooked ’’ham’’ and '''eggs''' this morning.

-	The meal is not attached an article.	+	The meal is not attached to an article.

	:: □ We had '''lunch''' at a very nice seafood restaurant.		:: □ We had '''lunch''' at a very nice seafood restaurant.
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	# Bob is （＿＿） IT engineer. He used to work in （＿＿） department of （＿＿） Parker Trading Co., Ltd. Now he works for （＿＿） American company in （＿＿） United States.		# Bob is （＿＿） IT engineer. He used to work in （＿＿） department of （＿＿） Parker Trading Co., Ltd. Now he works for （＿＿） American company in （＿＿） United States.
	# ”How often do you go to （＿＿） movies?” “Two or three times （＿＿） year.”		# ”How often do you go to （＿＿） movies?” “Two or three times （＿＿） year.”
-	# ”We'd like to go out for （＿＿） dinner tonight. Can you recommend （＿＿） good restaurant?”	+	# ”We'd like to go out for （＿＿） dinner tonight. Can you recommend （＿＿） a good restaurant?”
	# Tracy has （＿＿） part-time job at （＿＿） MacDonald's. She works four hours （＿＿） day, three days（＿＿） week.		# Tracy has （＿＿） part-time job at （＿＿） MacDonald's. She works four hours （＿＿） day, three days（＿＿） week.
	# My grandparents live in （＿＿） old house in （＿＿） small village. There is （＿＿） big cherry tree in front of （＿＿） house. I used to climb （＿＿） tree when I was （＿＿） child.		# My grandparents live in （＿＿） old house in （＿＿） small village. There is （＿＿） big cherry tree in front of （＿＿） house. I used to climb （＿＿） tree when I was （＿＿） child.

Admin at 09:59, 14 November 2019

Admin — Thu, 14 Nov 2019 09:59:47 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:59, 14 November 2019
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	*<span class="pops"> [[cai2_en:ENGWRI00010006\|Go to CAI Exercise page]] </span>		*<span class="pops"> [[cai2_en:ENGWRI00010006\|Go to CAI Exercise page]] </span>
		+
		+
		+
		+	[[en:English_Composition/Sentence_Writing_(Part_2)]]
		+	[[ja:英作文/センテンス・ライティング_(Part_2)]]

Admin at 10:09, 31 March 2019

Admin — Sun, 31 Mar 2019 10:09:31 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:09, 31 March 2019
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	:: □ '''The” Japanese are famous for their excellent public manners.		:: □ '''The” Japanese are famous for their excellent public manners.
-
-	~~言語（～語）にはtheをつけません。~~

	The language is not attached to "the."		The language is not attached to "the."

Admin at 10:09, 31 March 2019

Admin — Sun, 31 Mar 2019 10:09:15 GMT

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	In contrast to active voices that emphasize the subject itself of the sentence, in passive sentences (be + past participle), only transitive verbs with objects are used, with a perspective placed on actions and states.		In contrast to active voices that emphasize the subject itself of the sentence, in passive sentences (be + past participle), only transitive verbs with objects are used, with a perspective placed on actions and states.
	The heavy use of passives tends to make the text flat and unclear.		The heavy use of passives tends to make the text flat and unclear.
-	There is no problem with chats and regular conversations, but try to '''use active as much as you can''' for ~~public~~ texts such as business letters and papers.	+	There is no problem with chats and regular conversations, but try to '''use active as much as you can''' for free texts such as business letters and papers.

	Let's compare passives and actives with example sentences:		Let's compare passives and actives with example sentences:
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	Example:：		Example:：

-	:: □　There was an traffic accident at the corner yesterday, but nobody ’’got hurt’’.	+	:: □　There was a traffic accident at the corner yesterday, but nobody ’’got hurt’’.
	:: □ How much did you ’’get paid’’ for this job?		:: □ How much did you ’’get paid’’ for this job?
	:: □　Most of the students in the class are '''getting confused'''.		:: □　Most of the students in the class are '''getting confused'''.
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	#: → Tim (＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿), but he refused it.		#: → Tim (＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿), but he refused it.
	#We can see the whole city from the top of this sky tower.		#We can see the whole city from the top of this sky tower.
-	#: → The ~~whole~~ city (＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿) from the top of this sky tower.	+	#: → The entire city (＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿) from the top of this sky tower.

	Q.2: Rearrange the words in parentheses to create a passive or active sentence. Use verbs in the correct form.		Q.2: Rearrange the words in parentheses to create a passive or active sentence. Use verbs in the correct form.
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	=== Articles ===		=== Articles ===

-	The article is one of the so-called "determiners".	+	The article is one of the so-called "determiners."
	Consider the following three articles: '''a / an, the,''' and nothing '''zero article'''.		Consider the following three articles: '''a / an, the,''' and nothing '''zero article'''.
-	Understanding articles that are not in Japanese usage is complicated, but here you will learn the basics.	+	Understanding articles that are not in Japanese usage are complicated, but here you will learn the basics.

	==== a/an ====		==== a/an ====
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	:: □ My brother is unemployed. He is looking for '''a''' job.		:: □ My brother is unemployed. He is looking for '''a''' job.

-	Note: "job" is a countable noun but work is a countable noun	+	Note: "job" is a countable noun, but work is a countable noun

	:: □ I need to find '''a''' job. ⇔ I need to find work.		:: □ I need to find '''a''' job. ⇔ I need to find work.
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	Proper use of '''a / an'''		Proper use of '''a / an'''

-	~~Basically, the~~ word that begins with a consonant is preceded by "a", and the word that begins with "a" vowel is preceded by "an", but be careful with exceptions.	+	The word that begins with a consonant is preceded by "a," and the word that begins with "a" vowel is preceded by "an," but be careful with exceptions.

-	"an" is inserted before the word (hour, honor, honest, herb, etc.,) that starts with a silent (non-speaking) "h".	+	"an" is inserted before the word (hour, honor, honest, herb, etc.,) that starts with a silent (non-speaking) "h."

	:: □　I've been waiting for her for an hour.		:: □　I've been waiting for her for an hour.
	:: □ It's an honor to meet you.		:: □ It's an honor to meet you.

-	Even if the spelling starts with a vowel, "a" will be inserted if the pronunciation ~~starts~~ with a consonant.	+	Even if the spelling starts with a vowel, "a" will be inserted if the pronunciation begins with a consonant.

	:: □ Sue graduated from a university in Texas.		:: □ Sue graduated from a university in Texas.
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	:: □ My brother got '''the''' job he applied for. (= specific job)		:: □ My brother got '''the''' job he applied for. (= specific job)

-	:: □ I need to go to '''the''' bank and then ~~going~~ to '''the''' post office. (= specific that I always go)	+	:: □ I need to go to '''the''' bank and then to go to '''the''' post office. (= specific that I always go)
	:: □ Is there '''a''' bank or '''a''' post office near here? (= any bank or post office)		:: □ Is there '''a''' bank or '''a''' post office near here? (= any bank or post office)

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	Note:		Note:
-	If the organization name is abbreviated, do not attach "the".	+	If the organization name is abbreviated, do not attach "the."
	:: → I'd like to work for WHO in the future.		:: → I'd like to work for WHO in the future.

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	:: □ '''The''' Chang Jiang is the longest river in China.		:: □ '''The''' Chang Jiang is the longest river in China.

-	Rivers have "the", but not ~~individual~~ lakes and islands.	+	Rivers have "the," but not private lakes and islands.

	:: □ The best thing I remember last summer was camping at Lake Erie.		:: □ The best thing I remember last summer was camping at Lake Erie.
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	:: □ There's a village below '''the''' Himalayas.		:: □ There's a village below '''the''' Himalayas.

-	The mountains have "the" but not ~~individual~~ mountains.	+	The mountains have "the" but not only mountains.

	:: □ Mr. Miura, a Japanese adventurer, climbed Mt. Everest when he was 80 years old.		:: □ Mr. Miura, a Japanese adventurer, climbed Mt. Everest when he was 80 years old.
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	:: □ '''The''' earth goes around '''the''' sun. and '''the''' moon goes around '''the''' earth.		:: □ '''The''' earth goes around '''the''' sun. and '''the''' moon goes around '''the''' earth.

-	Planets do not have "the". (Can be attached to earth)	+	Planets do not have "the." (Can be attached to earth)

	:: □ Jupiter is the fifth planet of the solar system.		:: □ Jupiter is the fifth planet of the solar system.
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	'''the''' + country, ethnicity etc		'''the''' + country, ethnicity etc

-	Usually, the country name, state name and municipality names do not have "the".	+	Usually, the country name, state name and municipality names do not have "the."

	:: □ Mr. and Mrs. Suzuki live in England.		:: □ Mr. and Mrs. Suzuki live in England.
	:: □ New York is one of the most densely populated cities in the world.		:: □ New York is one of the most densely populated cities in the world.

-	The country name including Republic, Kingdom, States, etc., or the plural country name is attached with "the".	+	The country name including Republic, Kingdom, States, etc., or the plural country name is attached with "the."

	:: □ We visited Canada, '''the''' United States and '''the''' Bahamas.		:: □ We visited Canada, '''the''' United States and '''the''' Bahamas.
	:: □ '''The''' Dominican Republic became independent from '''the''' United Kingdom in 1978.		:: □ '''The''' Dominican Republic became independent from '''the''' United Kingdom in 1978.

-	The ethnic group is attached to "the".	+	The ethnic group is attached to "the."

	:: □ '''The” Japanese are famous for their excellent public manners.		:: □ '''The” Japanese are famous for their excellent public manners.
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	言語（～語）にはtheをつけません。		言語（～語）にはtheをつけません。

-	The language is not attached to "the".	+	The language is not attached to "the."

	:: □ Spanish is not a very difficult language to learn.		:: □ Spanish is not a very difficult language to learn.
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	:: □ I cooked ’’ham’’ and '''eggs''' this morning.		:: □ I cooked ’’ham’’ and '''eggs''' this morning.

-	The meal is not an article	+	The meal is not attached an article.

	:: □ We had '''lunch''' at a very nice seafood restaurant.		:: □ We had '''lunch''' at a very nice seafood restaurant.
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	:: □ I like to watch '''succor''' game on TV.		:: □ I like to watch '''succor''' game on TV.

-	No nouns are attached to general nouns (bed, school, church, home, etc.,) that indicate places that contain verbal meaning (eg, sleeping, learning, praying).	+	No nouns are attached to general nouns (bed, school, church, home, etc.,) that indicate places that contain verbal meaning (e.g., sleeping, learning, praying).

	:: □ When I finish '''high school''', I want to go to '''university'''.		:: □ When I finish '''high school''', I want to go to '''university'''.
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	Disease		Disease

-	There is ~~basically~~ no article as the disease has no form,	+	There is no article as the disease has no form,
	such as diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), hepatitis, cancer, etc.		such as diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), hepatitis, cancer, etc.

Admin at 10:05, 31 March 2019

Admin — Sun, 31 Mar 2019 10:05:14 GMT

Show changes

Admin at 10:01, 31 March 2019

Admin — Sun, 31 Mar 2019 10:01:43 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:01, 31 March 2019
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	==== Exercise 2 ====		==== Exercise 2 ====
-
-	~~カッコ内に'''a/an'''または'''the'''を入れなさい。なにも入らないときには'''X'''印を入れなさい。~~

	Put '''a / an''' 'or '''the''' in parentheses.		Put '''a / an''' 'or '''the''' in parentheses.

Admin at 10:01, 31 March 2019

Admin — Sun, 31 Mar 2019 10:01:15 GMT

Show changes

Admin at 05:36, 30 March 2019

Admin — Sat, 30 Mar 2019 05:36:44 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:36, 30 March 2019
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	==== the ====		==== the ====

-	~~特定のひと、もの、場所を表す~~ '''the'''。	+	'''the''' for a specific person, thing or place.
-	'''a'''~~と比較しながら例文を参照してください。~~	+	See example sentences in comparison with '''a'''.

	:: □ Ken sat down on '''a''' park bench.		:: □ Ken sat down on '''a''' park bench.
-	:~~（ケンは公園のベンチに座った。）＝幾つかあるうちのひとつ~~	+	:: □ Ken sat down on '''the''' bench next to the oak tree. (= specific bench)

-	:: □ ~~Ken sat down on~~ '''~~the~~''' ~~bench next to the oak tree~~.	+	:: □ My brother is looking for '''a''' job. (= not a specific job)
-	:~~（ケンはその樫の木の横のベンチに座った。）＝特定のベンチ~~	+	:: □ My brother got '''the''' job he applied for. (= specific job)

-	~~:: □ My brother is looking for '''a''' job.~~	+	:: □ I need to go to '''the''' bank and then going to '''the''' post office. (= specific that I always go)
-	~~:（弟は仕事を探している。）＝特定の仕事ではない~~	+	:: □ Is there '''a''' bank or '''a''' post office near here? (= any bank or post office)
-		+
-	~~:: □ My brother got '''the''' job he applied for.~~	+
-	~~:（弟は応募した仕事に採用された。）＝特定の仕事~~	+
-		+
-	:: □ I need to go to '''the''' bank and then going to '''the''' post office.	+
-	~~:（銀行によってから郵便局に行かなければならない。）＝いつも行っている特定の~~	+
-		+
-	:: □ Is there '''a''' bank or '''a''' post office near here?	+
-	~~:（この近くに銀行か郵便局はありますか？）＝どの銀行、郵便局でもよい~~	+
-		+
-	~~:: □ Marc is not feeling well. He went to '''the''' doctor.~~	+
-	~~:（マークは具合が悪い。かかりつけの医者に行った。）~~	+

		+	:: □ Marc is not feeling well. He went to '''the''' doctor. (= family doctor)
	:: □ I saw '''a''' man and '''a''' woman walking side by side down the street. '''The''' man was using a stick, and '''the''' woman was helping him.		:: □ I saw '''a''' man and '''a''' woman walking side by side down the street. '''The''' man was using a stick, and '''the''' woman was helping him.
-	~~:（向こうの通りを男の人と女の人が並んで歩いているのを見ました。その男の人は杖をついていて、女の人が手を貸していました。）~~
-
	:: □ '''The''' hotel we stayed at was '''a''' very nice hotel.		:: □ '''The''' hotel we stayed at was '''a''' very nice hotel.
-	~~:（私たちが泊まったのはとても素敵なホテルでした。）~~

-	~~ただ１つを意味する~~ '''the'''	+	Just mean '''the''' one

	:: □ I'm moving out at '''the''' end of this month.		:: □ I'm moving out at '''the''' end of this month.
-	~~:（私は今月末に引っ越す。）~~
	:: □ You are '''the''' only one I can trust.		:: □ You are '''the''' only one I can trust.
-	~~:（僕が信頼できるのは君だけだ。）~~

-	'''the''' + ~~可算名詞の単数形~~(~~動物、乗り物、楽器の種類など）~~	+	'''the''' + single form of countable noun (animal, vehicle, instrument type etc)

	:: □ '''The''' giraffe is the tallest of all animals.		:: □ '''The''' giraffe is the tallest of all animals.
-	~~:（キリンは動物の中で一番背が高い。）~~
-
	:: □ '''The''' bicycle is '''a '''useful means of transportation.		:: □ '''The''' bicycle is '''a '''useful means of transportation.
-	~~:（自転車は有効な移動手段（のひとつ）だ。）~~
-
-	~~＊ giraffes, bicyclesにはなりません。~~

-	~~最上級の~~ '''the'''	+	Highest '''the''' grade

	:: □ China is '''the''' most populous country in the world.		:: □ China is '''the''' most populous country in the world.
-	~~:（中国は世界で最も人口が多い。）~~
-
	:: □ Bikal is '''the''' oldest and '''the''' deepest lake in the world.		:: □ Bikal is '''the''' oldest and '''the''' deepest lake in the world.
-	~~:（バイカル湖は世界で一番古くて深い湖です。）~~

-	'''the''' + ~~エンタテイメント~~	+	'''the''' + entertainment

	:: □ Keiko used to go to '''the''' opera theater when she was living in Italy.		:: □ Keiko used to go to '''the''' opera theater when she was living in Italy.
-	~~:（ケイコはイタリアに住んでいたときにはよくオペラ劇場に足を運んだ。）~~
-
	:: □ I heard the news on '''the''' radio.		:: □ I heard the news on '''the''' radio.
-	~~:（私はラジオでそのニュースを聴いた。）~~

-	~~テレビにはtheがつきません→We~~ wached the news on TV.	+	Note:
-	~~機器としてのTVを意味するときにはつけます→Turn~~ on the TV, please.	+	We do not attach "the" to TV (programs).
		+	: → We wached the news on TV.
		+	Add "the" to mean TV as an equipment.
		+	: → Turn on the TV, please.

-	'''the''' + 組織	+	'''the''' + organization

	:: □ Natalie joined '''the''' army when she graduated from high school.		:: □ Natalie joined '''the''' army when she graduated from high school.
-	~~:（高校を卒業してナタリーは軍に入った。）~~
-
	:: □ I'd like to work for '''the''' World Health Organization in the future.		:: □ I'd like to work for '''the''' World Health Organization in the future.
-	:~~（私は将来世界保健機構で働きたい。）~~	+
-	~~＊組織名が短縮形のときにはtheを入れません。~~	+	Note:
-	→ I'd like to work for WHO in the future.	+	If the organization name is abbreviated, do not attach "the".
		+	:: → I'd like to work for WHO in the future.

	'''the''' + 自然（海、川、山脈など）		'''the''' + 自然（海、川、山脈など）

Admin at 03:32, 30 March 2019

Admin — Sat, 30 Mar 2019 03:32:50 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:32, 30 March 2019
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	Q.2: Rearrange the words in parentheses to create a passive or active sentence. Use verbs in the correct form.		Q.2: Rearrange the words in parentheses to create a passive or active sentence. Use verbs in the correct form.

-	#:（cancel, flights, of, snow, all, because, heavy, are）	+	#（cancel, flights, of, snow, all, because, heavy, are）
-	#:（the shop, in, to, I, return, days, should, this, three, DVD）	+	#（the shop, in, to, I, return, days, should, this, three, DVD）
-	#:（make, monday, until, decision, a, next, not, will, be）	+	#（make, monday, until, decision, a, next, not, will, be）
-	#:（when, 20 years old, in 1776, was, Mozart, this, wrote, he, concerto, piano ）	+	#（when, 20 years old, in 1776, was, Mozart, this, wrote, he, concerto, piano ）
-	#:（Mozart, was, in 1776, piano, by, concerto, this, written）	+	#（Mozart, was, in 1776, piano, by, concerto, this, written）

	→ [[English_Composition/Sentence_Writing_(Part_2)/Exercise1_(Answer)\|Exercise1 Answer]]		→ [[English_Composition/Sentence_Writing_(Part_2)/Exercise1_(Answer)\|Exercise1 Answer]]


-	=== ~~冠詞の使い方~~ Articles ===	+	=== Articles ===

-	~~冠詞は決定詞／限定詞 (Determiners) と呼ばれるもののひとつです。~~	+	The article is one of the so-called "determiners".
-	~~冠詞には、~~'''a/an, the, '''~~そして何もつかない~~'''~~ゼロ冠詞~~'''~~の3種類があると考えてください。~~	+	Consider the following three articles: '''a / an, the,''' and nothing '''zero article'''.
-	~~日本語の用法にない冠詞の理解は複雑ですが、ここでは基本的なものを学びます。~~	+	Understanding articles that are not in Japanese usage is complicated, but here you will learn the basics.

	==== a/an ====		==== a/an ====

-	~~可算名詞の前に付けて「ひとつのモノ、ひとりのヒト」を意味する~~'''a/an'''。	+	'''a / an''' which means "one thing, one person" attached to the front of countable noun.

-	*:: □ I bought '''a''' nice birthday present for my girlfriend.	+	:: □ I bought '''a''' nice birthday present for my girlfriend.
-	~~:（ガールフレンドに素敵なプレセントを買った。）~~	+	:: □ There's '''an''' accident . I saw '''a''' car drive down the street over the speed limit.
-	*:: □ There's '''an''' accident . I saw '''a''' car drive down the street over the speed limit.	+	:: □ My brother is unemployed. He is looking for '''a''' job.
-	~~:（事故があったんだ。スピード制限以上でこの通りを走っていく車を見たよ。）~~	+
-	*:: □ My brother is unemployed. He is looking for '''a''' job.	+
-	~~:（弟は無職なんだ。仕事を探しているところだよ。）~~	+

-	~~注：jobは可算名詞ですがworkは不可算名刺です~~	+	Note: job is a countable noun but work is a countable noun

-	*I need to find '''a''' job. ⇔ I need to find work.	+	:: □ I need to find '''a''' job. ⇔ I need to find work.

-	~~多くの名刺は可算名詞としても不可算名刺としても使われます。不可算名刺として使われるときにはa~~/~~anは付きません。~~	+	Many nouns are used as countable and uncountable nouns. When used as uncountable nouns, there is no a / an.

-	:: □ I eat '''a banana''' every morning.(~~可算）~~	+	:: □ I eat '''a banana''' every morning.(countable）
-	~~:（私は毎朝バナナを（１本）食べる。）~~	+	:: □ I like '''bananas'''.(uncountable）
-	:: □ I like '''bananas'''.(~~不可算）.~~	+	:: □ We had some interesting '''experiences''' while we were on vacation.(countable）
-	~~:（私はバナナが好きです。）~~	+	:: □ They offered me the position because I had a lot of '''experience'''.(uncountable）
-	:: □ We had some interesting '''experiences''' while we were on vacation.(~~可算）~~	+
-	~~:（休暇中、私たちはいくつか面白い体験をした。）~~	+
-	:: □ They offered me the position because I had a lot of '''experience'''.(~~不可算）~~	+
-	~~:（彼らが私にその地位を提供したのは、私に多くの経験があったからだ。）~~	+

-	~~可算名詞や可算名詞の複数形にはをsomeを使います。~~	+	Use some for countable nouns and plurals of countable nouns.

	:: □ I'd like to send '''some flowers''' to my mother on her birthday.		:: □ I'd like to send '''some flowers''' to my mother on her birthday.
-	~~:（母の誕生日には花を贈りたい。）~~
	:: □ '''Some students''' of this class applied for the test.		:: □ '''Some students''' of this class applied for the test.
-	~~:（このクラスの生徒の何人かがそのテストに申し込んだ。）~~
	:: □ We are looking for '''some volunteers''' who can stay in the area for three weeks.		:: □ We are looking for '''some volunteers''' who can stay in the area for three weeks.
-	~~:（その地域に３週間滞在できるボランティアの方々を探しています。）~~

-	~~可算名詞の前に付けて「どのようなモノ、どのようなヒト」を表わす~~'a/an'''。	+	'''a / an''' representing "what kind of thing, what kind of person" is added before the countable noun.

	:: □ Cat is '''an animal'''.		:: □ Cat is '''an animal'''.
-	~~:（猫は動物（のひとつ）です。）~~
	:: □ Nicole is '''a really nice person''' .		:: □ Nicole is '''a really nice person''' .
-	~~:（Nicoleは本当にいい人だ。）~~
	:: □ Brazil is '''a country''' in South America.		:: □ Brazil is '''a country''' in South America.
-	~~:（ブラジルは南アメリカにある国です。）~~

-	~~＊職業の前には~~'''a/an'''~~をつけます。~~	+	Add '''a / an''' before the profession.

	:: □ Jeorge's father is '''a doctor'''.		:: □ Jeorge's father is '''a doctor'''.
-	~~:（Jeorgeのお父さんは医者です。）~~
	:: □ Would you like to be '''an English teacher'''?		:: □ Would you like to be '''an English teacher'''?
-	~~:（あなたは英語の先生になりたいですか？）~~

-	'''a/an'''~~＋年月日、単位~~	+	'''a / an''' + date, unit

	:: □ Potatoes are on sale only for 2 dollars '''a pound'''.		:: □ Potatoes are on sale only for 2 dollars '''a pound'''.
-	~~:（ポテトは安売りで１ポンドにつきたったの２ドルです。）~~
	:: □ Jennifer works nine hours '''a day''', five days '''a week'''.		:: □ Jennifer works nine hours '''a day''', five days '''a week'''.
-	~~:（Jennifer は１日９時間、週５日働きます。）~~

-	'''~~aとan~~'''~~の使い分け~~	+	Proper use of '''a / an'''

-	~~子音で始まる単語の前にはa、母音で始まる単語の前にはanが入るのが基本ですが例外に気をつけましょう。~~	+	Basically, the word that begins with a consonant is preceded by "a", and the word that begins with "a" vowel is preceded by "an", but be careful with exceptions.

-	~~＊サイレント（無発音の）ｈで始まる単語（hour~~, honor, honest, herb, etc.,~~）の前にはanが入ります。~~	+	"an" is inserted before the word (hour, honor, honest, herb, etc.,) that starts with a silent (non-speaking) "h".

-	:: □　I've been waiting for her for an hour.	+	:: □　I've been waiting for her for an hour.
-	~~:（彼女を一時間待っている。）~~	+
	:: □ It's an honor to meet you.		:: □ It's an honor to meet you.
-	~~:（お目にかかれて光栄です。）~~

-	~~＊スペルが母音で始まる単語でも発音が子音で始まる場合はaが入ります。~~	+	Even if the spelling starts with a vowel, "a" will be inserted if the pronunciation starts with a consonant.

	:: □ Sue graduated from a university in Texas.		:: □ Sue graduated from a university in Texas.
-	~~:（Sueはテキサスにある大学を卒業した。）~~
	:: □ I suppose they are from a European country.		:: □ I suppose they are from a European country.
-	~~:（彼らはヨーロッパのどこかの国の出身だと思う。）~~

	==== the ====		==== the ====

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[[English Composition]]
＞ [[English_Composition/Sentence_Writing_(Part_2)|Sentence Writing (Part 2)]]

== Sentence Writing (Part 2) ==

=== Passive and Active Voice ===

In contrast to active voices that emphasize the subject itself of the sentence, in passive sentences (be + past participle), only transitive verbs with objects are used, with a perspective placed on actions and states.
The heavy use of passives tends to make the text flat and unclear.
There is no problem with chats and regular conversations, but try to '''use active as much as you can''' for public texts such as business letters and papers.

Let's compare passives and actives with example sentences:

==== is, was, have,been,etc. ====

Example:

:: □　Somebody '''cleans''' the room every day. (= actives)
:: □　The room '''is cleaned''' every day by somebody. (= passives)

In passives, it is often unclear or unimportant who or what causes the movement or condition, but use '''by''' when you want to be clear.
However, when the subject uses the tool to perform its operation, use '''with'''.

:: □　The spring lock was broken with a wrench.

:: □ Somebody '''will clean''' the room later. (= actives)
:: □ The room '''will be cleaned''' later. (= passives)

:: □ Somebody should '''have cleaned''' the room. (= actives)
:: □ The room should '''have been cleaned.''' (= passives)

:: □ Somebody '''has cleaned''' the room. (= actives)
:: □ The room '''has been cleaned'''. (= passives)

:: □ Somebody '''had cleaned''' the room. (= actives)
:: □ The room '''had been cleaned'''. (= passives)

:: □ Somebody '''is cleaning''' the room right now. (= actives)
:: □ The room '''is being cleaned''' now. (= passives)

:: □ Somebody '''was cleaning''' the room when I came in. (= actives)
:: □ The room '''was cleaned''' when I came in. (= passives)

:: □　My grandfather '''built''' this house in 1960. (= actives)　
:: □ This house '''was built''' in 1960 by my grandfather. (= passives)

:: □ The meeting ’’took’’ place the day before yesterday. (= actives)
:: □ The meeting ’’was taken’’ place the day before yesterday. (= passives)

==== being, doing, etc. ====

Example:

:: □ My boss doesn't like people '''keeping him waiting'''. (= actives)
:: □ My boss doesn't like '''being kept waiting'''. (= passives)

:: □ I remember my mother '''giving me''' a handmade doll on my fifth birthday. (= actives)
:: □ I remember '''being given''' a handmade doll on my fith birthday. (= passives)　

Use passiveness more positively when focusing on the situation / state than the subject.

Example:

:: □ In the south coast area, more than four hundred houses were destroyed by the storm.

In everyday conversation, when expressing situations / conditions where something happens or changes, we often use '''get''' instead of '''be'''.
('''be''' can be used at any time.)

Example:：

:: □　There was an trafic accident at the corner yesterday, but nobody ’’got hurt’’.　
:: □ How much did you ’’get paid’’ for this job?
:: □　Most of the students in the class are '''getting confused'''.

==== Exercise 1 ====

Q.1: Rewrite the next sentence to be passive and fill in the parentheses (＿＿).

#A car run over my dog.
#: → My dog (＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿).
#I don't like people telling me what to do.
#: → I don't like (＿＿＿＿＿) what to do.
#Has anybody told you what to do?
#: → Have (＿＿＿＿＿＿＿) what to do?
#They offered Tim the new position, but he refused it.
#: → Tim (＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿), but he refused it.
#We can see the whole city from the top of this sky tower.
#: → The whole city (＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿) from the top of this sky tower.

Q.2: Rearrange the words in parentheses to create a passive or active sentence. Use verbs in the correct form.

#:（cancel, flights, of, snow, all, because, heavy, are）
#:（the shop, in, to, I, return, days, should, this, three, DVD）
#:（make, monday, until, decision, a, next, not, will, be）
#:（when, 20 years old, in 1776, was, Mozart, this, wrote, he, concerto, piano ）
#:（Mozart, was, in 1776, piano, by, concerto, this, written）

→ [[English_Composition/Sentence_Writing_(Part_2)/Exercise1_(Answer)|Exercise1 Answer]]

=== 冠詞の使い方 Articles ===

冠詞は決定詞／限定詞 (Determiners) と呼ばれるもののひとつです。
冠詞には、'''a/an, the, '''そして何もつかない'''ゼロ冠詞'''の3種類があると考えてください。
日本語の用法にない冠詞の理解は複雑ですが、ここでは基本的なものを学びます。

==== a/an ====

可算名詞の前に付けて「ひとつのモノ、ひとりのヒト」を意味する'''a/an'''。

*:: □ I bought '''a''' nice birthday present for my girlfriend.
:（ガールフレンドに素敵なプレセントを買った。）
*:: □ There's '''an''' accident . I saw '''a''' car drive down the street over the speed limit.
:（事故があったんだ。スピード制限以上でこの通りを走っていく車を見たよ。）
*:: □ My brother is unemployed. He is looking for '''a''' job.
:（弟は無職なんだ。仕事を探しているところだよ。）

注：jobは可算名詞ですがworkは不可算名刺です

*I need to find '''a''' job. ⇔ I need to find work.

多くの名刺は可算名詞としても不可算名刺としても使われます。不可算名刺として使われるときにはa/anは付きません。

:: □ I eat '''a banana''' every morning.(可算）
:（私は毎朝バナナを（１本）食べる。）
:: □ I like '''bananas'''.(不可算）.
:（私はバナナが好きです。）
:: □ We had some interesting '''experiences''' while we were on vacation.(可算）
:（休暇中、私たちはいくつか面白い体験をした。）
:: □ They offered me the position because I had a lot of '''experience'''.(不可算）
:（彼らが私にその地位を提供したのは、私に多くの経験があったからだ。）

可算名詞や可算名詞の複数形にはをsomeを使います。

:: □ I'd like to send '''some flowers''' to my mother on her birthday.
:（母の誕生日には花を贈りたい。）
:: □ '''Some students''' of this class applied for the test.
:（このクラスの生徒の何人かがそのテストに申し込んだ。）
:: □ We are looking for '''some volunteers''' who can stay in the area for three weeks.
:（その地域に３週間滞在できるボランティアの方々を探しています。）

可算名詞の前に付けて「どのようなモノ、どのようなヒト」を表わす'a/an'''。

:: □ Cat is '''an animal'''.
:（猫は動物（のひとつ）です。）
:: □ Nicole is '''a really nice person''' .
:（Nicoleは本当にいい人だ。）
:: □ Brazil is '''a country''' in South America.
:（ブラジルは南アメリカにある国です。）

＊職業の前には'''a/an'''をつけます。

:: □ Jeorge's father is '''a doctor'''.
:（Jeorgeのお父さんは医者です。）
:: □ Would you like to be '''an English teacher'''?
:（あなたは英語の先生になりたいですか？）

'''a/an'''＋年月日、単位

:: □ Potatoes are on sale only for 2 dollars '''a pound'''.
:（ポテトは安売りで１ポンドにつきたったの２ドルです。）
:: □ Jennifer works nine hours '''a day''', five days '''a week'''.
:（Jennifer は１日９時間、週５日働きます。）

'''aとan'''の使い分け

子音で始まる単語の前にはa、母音で始まる単語の前にはanが入るのが基本ですが例外に気をつけましょう。

＊サイレント（無発音の）ｈで始まる単語（hour, honor, honest, herb, etc.,）の前にはanが入ります。

:: □　I've been waiting for her for an hour.　
:（彼女を一時間待っている。）
:: □ It's an honor to meet you.
:（お目にかかれて光栄です。）

＊スペルが母音で始まる単語でも発音が子音で始まる場合はaが入ります。

:: □ Sue graduated from a university in Texas.　　
:（Sueはテキサスにある大学を卒業した。）
:: □ I suppose they are from a European country.
:（彼らはヨーロッパのどこかの国の出身だと思う。）

==== the ====

特定のひと、もの、場所を表す '''the'''。
'''a'''と比較しながら例文を参照してください。

:: □ Ken sat down on '''a''' park bench.
:（ケンは公園のベンチに座った。）＝幾つかあるうちのひとつ

:: □ Ken sat down on '''the''' bench next to the oak tree.
:（ケンはその樫の木の横のベンチに座った。）＝特定のベンチ

:: □ My brother is looking for '''a''' job.
:（弟は仕事を探している。）＝特定の仕事ではない

:: □ My brother got '''the''' job he applied for.
:（弟は応募した仕事に採用された。）＝特定の仕事

:: □ I need to go to '''the''' bank and then going to '''the''' post office.
:（銀行によってから郵便局に行かなければならない。）＝いつも行っている特定の

:: □ Is there '''a''' bank or '''a''' post office near here?
:（この近くに銀行か郵便局はありますか？）＝どの銀行、郵便局でもよい

:: □ Marc is not feeling well. He went to '''the''' doctor.
:（マークは具合が悪い。かかりつけの医者に行った。）

:: □ I saw '''a''' man and '''a''' woman walking side by side down the street. '''The''' man was using a stick, and '''the''' woman was helping him.
:（向こうの通りを男の人と女の人が並んで歩いているのを見ました。その男の人は杖をついていて、女の人が手を貸していました。）

:: □ '''The''' hotel we stayed at was '''a''' very nice hotel.
:（私たちが泊まったのはとても素敵なホテルでした。）

ただ１つを意味する '''the'''

:: □ I'm moving out at '''the''' end of this month.
:（私は今月末に引っ越す。）
:: □ You are '''the''' only one I can trust.
:（僕が信頼できるのは君だけだ。）

'''the''' + 可算名詞の単数形(動物、乗り物、楽器の種類など）

:: □ '''The''' giraffe is the tallest of all animals.
:（キリンは動物の中で一番背が高い。）

:: □ '''The''' bicycle is '''a '''useful means of transportation.
:（自転車は有効な移動手段（のひとつ）だ。）

＊ giraffes, bicyclesにはなりません。

最上級の '''the'''

:: □ China is '''the''' most populous country in the world.
:（中国は世界で最も人口が多い。）

:: □ Bikal is '''the''' oldest and '''the''' deepest lake in the world.
:（バイカル湖は世界で一番古くて深い湖です。）

'''the''' + エンタテイメント

:: □ Keiko used to go to '''the''' opera theater when she was living in Italy.
:（ケイコはイタリアに住んでいたときにはよくオペラ劇場に足を運んだ。）

:: □ I heard the news on '''the''' radio.
:（私はラジオでそのニュースを聴いた。）

テレビにはtheがつきません→We wached the news on TV.
機器としてのTVを意味するときにはつけます→Turn on the TV, please.

'''the''' + 組織

:: □ Natalie joined '''the''' army when she graduated from high school.
:（高校を卒業してナタリーは軍に入った。）

:: □ I'd like to work for '''the''' World Health Organization in the future.
:（私は将来世界保健機構で働きたい。）
＊組織名が短縮形のときにはtheを入れません。
→ I'd like to work for WHO in the future.

'''the''' + 自然（海、川、山脈など）

:: □ '''The''' Chang Jiang is the longest river in China.
:（長江は中国一長い川です。）
＊川／河にはtheがつきますが、個別の湖、島にはつきません。
→ The best thing I remember last summer was camping at Lake Erie.
:（去年の夏一番の思い出はエリー湖でキャンプをしたことだ。）
→ I'm going to move near the lake next summer.
:（来年の夏にはその湖の近くに引っ越す。）

:: □ The project must be in harmony with '''the''' environment.
:（そのプロジェクトは環境との調和が保たれるべきだ。）

:: □ There's a village below '''the''' Himalayas.
:（ヒマラヤ山脈のふもとに村がある。）
＊山脈にはtheがつきますが、個別の山にはつきません。
→ Mr. Miura, a Japanese adventurer, climbed Mt.Everest when he was 80 years old.
:（日本の冒険家である三浦氏は80歳でエベレストに登頂した。）

:: □ There's no single cloud in '''the''' sky.
:（空には雲ひとつない。）

'''the''' + 太陽系

:: □ '''The''' sun is a star.
:（太陽は星のひとつです。）

:: □ '''The''' earth goes around '''the''' sun. and '''the''' moon goes around '''the''' earth.
:（地球は太陽の周りを回り、月は地球の周りを回る。）
＊惑星=planetsにはtheがつきません。（earthには付けてもOK）
→ Jupiter is the fifth planet of the solar system.
:（木星は太陽系の5番目の惑星です。）

'''the''' + 国、民族など

通常殆んどの国名、州名、市町村名にはtheがつきません。
:: □ Mr. and Mrs. Suzuki live in England.
:（鈴木さん夫妻はイギリスに住んでいる。）

:: □ New York is one of the most densely populated city in the world.
:（ニューヨークは世界で最も人口密度の高い都市のひとつです。）

Republic, Kingdom, Statesなどを含む国名、または複数形の国名にはtheがつきます。
:: □ We visited Canada, '''the''' United States and '''the''' Bahamas.
:（私たちはカナダとアメリカ合衆国、バハマを訪ねた。）

:: □ '''The''' Dominican Republic became independent from '''the''' United Kingdom in 1978.
:（ドミニカは1978年にイギリスから独立した。）

民族（～人）にはtheをつけます。
:: □ '''The” Japanese are famous for their excellent public manners.
:（日本人はその素晴らしい公衆道徳で名を馳せている。）

言語（～語）にはtheをつけません。
:: □ Spanish is not very difficult language to learn.
:（スペイン語は学ぶのにそれほど難しい言語ではありません。）

sameの前の '''the” （the same）

:: □ His jacket is '''the '''same style as mine.
:（彼の上着のカタチは僕のと同じだ。）

:: □ '''The''' same thing could happen to anyone.
:（誰にも同じことが起こり得る。）

==== ゼロ冠詞 ====

a もthe もつかないことをゼロ冠詞といいます。不可算名詞または可算名詞の複数で一般名詞を表すときには冠詞をつけません。

:: □ My mother plant ’’flowers’’ every early spring.
:（母は毎年早春に花を植える。）

:: □ I cooked ’’ham’’ and '''eggs''' this morning.
:（今朝ハムエッグを作った。）

食事は無冠詞

:: □ We had '''lunch''' at a very nice seafood restaurant.
:（私たちはとても素敵なシーフードレストランで昼食をとった。）

ただし、breakfast, lunchなどの前に形容詞を付けた場合は'''a'''がはいります。
→ We had '''a nice lunch''' at a seafood restaurant.
:（私たちはシーフードレストランで素敵なランチを食べた。）

名詞＋記号／番号

:: □ Please look at the top of ’’page 19’’, ’’Section A’’.
:（19ページの上段、セクションAを見てください。）

:: □ Delta '''flight 178''' leaves from ’’Gate 23’’.
:（デルタ航空178便は23番ゲートから出発します。）

スポーツ、ゲーム

:: □ I like to watch '''soccor''' game on TV.
:（私はテレビでサッカーを観るのが好きだ。）

動詞的な意味を含む(眠ったり学んだり祈ったり・・)場所を表す一般名詞(bed, school, church, home, etc.,)にも冠詞がつきません。

:: □ When I finish '''high school''', I want to go to '''university'''.
:（高校を卒業したら大学に行きたい。）

:: □ Kay stayed in '''bed''' until late this morning.
:（ケイは今朝遅くまでベッドに居た。）

:: □ Her parents go to '''church''' evry Sunday.
:（彼女の両親は毎日曜日に教会へ行きます。）

曜日、年月日など

:: □ I have an appointment with the dentist on '''Tuesday'''.
:（木曜日に歯医者の予約をしている。）

:: □ Paul will be turning 20 years old '''next week'''.
:（ポールは来週二十歳になる。）

病気

diabetes（糖尿病）、high blood pressure（高血圧）、hepatitis（肝炎）、cancer（がん）など、病気にはカタチがありませんので基本的には冠詞がつきません。
:: □ Patient education about diabetes is very important.
:（糖尿病に関する患者教育はとても大切だ。）

病気／症状の捕らえ方により冠詞がつくものもあります。

“a”がつくもの

a cold（かぜ）, a fever（熱）, a headach（頭痛のように～achがつくもの）, a cough（咳のようなひとつの症状）
:: □ I have '''a''' fever.
:（私は熱があります。）

'''the'''がつくもの

the flue（インフルエンザ）, the measles（はしか）などの現在流行っている病気
:: □ She has been sick in bed for three days with '''the''' flue.
:（彼女はインフルエンザで3日間寝込んでいる。）

国名、市区町村名にも冠詞がつきませんが、前項4-２. '''the'''で述べていますので参照してください。

==== 練習問題２（冠詞）====

カッコ内に'''a/an'''または'''the'''を入れなさい。なにも入らないときには'''X'''印を入れなさい。

# Many people are out of （＿＿） work because of （＿＿） recession..
# You will find （＿＿） information you need at （＿＿） top of （＿＿） page 11.
# Do you know （＿＿） high blood pressure can be （＿＿） life threatening condition?
# （＿＿） ancient Greeks invented for the foundation for democratic government.
# Akiko is （＿＿） student at （＿＿） Tokyo University.
# Bob is （＿＿） IT engineer. He used to work in （＿＿） department of （＿＿） Parker Trading Co.,Ltd. Now he works for （＿＿） American company in （＿＿） United States.
# ”How often do you go to （＿＿） movies?” “Two or three times （＿＿） year.”
# ”We'd like to go out for （＿＿） dinner tonight. Can you recommend （＿＿） good restaurant?”
# Tracy has （＿＿） part -time job at （＿＿） MacDonald's. She works four hours （＿＿） day, three days（＿＿） week.
# My grand parents live in （＿＿） old house in （＿＿） small village. There is （＿＿） big cherry tree in front of （＿＿） house. I used to climb （＿＿） tree when I was （＿＿） child.

→ [[英作文/センテンス・ライティング_(Part_2)/練習問題2【解答】|解答はこちら]]

== Related Links ==

* [http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/english-grammar-guide/ English Grammar: a complete guide - Edufind]
* [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries]

== CAI Exercise ==

*<span class="pops"> [[cai2_en:ENGWRI00010006|Go to CAI Exercise page]] </span>