English Composition/Sentence Writing (Part 1)

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Sentence writing is available in chapters 5 to 8.  
Sentence writing is available in chapters 5 to 8.  
-
Expression of tense in Part 1, usage of auxiliary verbs, expression of passive and active in Part 2, usage of article, usage of conjunction and preposition in Part 3, expression of adjective and adverb in Part 4 - Word order and position Learn about subject-verb matches and punctuation marks. Examples and exercises are provided for each item. The test questions are a mix of practice questions.
+
Expression of tense in Part 1, usage of auxiliary verbs, expression of passive and active in Part 2, usage of the article, usage of conjunction and preposition in Part 3, expression of adjective and adverb in Part 4 - Word order and position Learn about subject-verb matches and punctuation marks. Examples and exercises are provided for each item. The test questions are a mix of practice questions.
Details of each item will be omitted, so please refer to the grammar index list:
Details of each item will be omitted, so please refer to the grammar index list:
Line 27: Line 27:
=== Tenses ===
=== Tenses ===
-
==== Present and Present and Continuous ====
+
==== Present tense and Present Continuous tense ====
-
'''Present form''' is used to express everyday things, conditions, and actions, or to state facts.
+
'''Present tense''' is used to express everyday things, conditions, and actions, or to state facts.
It does not matter if it is in progress at the moment.
It does not matter if it is in progress at the moment.
-
* Example:
+
Example:
-
□　'''I get up '''at 7:00 every morning.
+
:: □ '''I get up '''at 7:00 every morning.
 +
:: □ I know that '''Hiro speaks '''English very well.（Note: Don't forget the "-s")
 +
:: □ '''The earth goes '''around the sun.
-
□ I know that '''Hiro speaks '''English very well.
+
'''do / does''' are used in questions and negative sentences.
-
（Note: Don't forget the "-s")
+
-
□ '''The earth goes '''around the sun.
+
:: □ What '''do you do'''?
-
 
+
::: Note: The present progress form meaning "What are you doing now?"
-
* Do / does are used in questions and negative sentences.
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:: □　It '''does not rain''' very much in the Middle East Countries.
-
 
+
-
□　What '''do you do'''?
+
-
 
+
-
Note: The present progress form meaning "What are you doing now?"
+
-
 
+
-
□　It '''does not rain''' very much in the Middle East Countries.
+
Use the '''progressive form''' to express an ongoing thing, condition, or action that has already begun and is not yet finished.
Use the '''progressive form''' to express an ongoing thing, condition, or action that has already begun and is not yet finished.
It is also used to represent things, conditions, and actions that occur in the near future (today, tonight, this week, etc.) and to represent changes that are happening.
It is also used to represent things, conditions, and actions that occur in the near future (today, tonight, this week, etc.) and to represent changes that are happening.
-
* Example:
+
Example:
-
□ Alex '''is '''a student at the collage and '''studying''' Japanese.
+
:: □ Alex '''is '''a student at the college and '''studying''' Japanese.
 +
:: □ ''' I'm talking''' to my friend on the phone right now.
 +
:: □ We can go out now. It '''is not raining''' anymore.
 +
:: □ The population of Southeast Asia '''is rising''' fast.
-
□ ''' I'm talking''' to my friend on the phone right now.
+
==== Past tense and Past Continuous tense ====
-
□ We can go out now. It '''isn't raining''' anymore.
+
We use '''Past tense''' to describe past actions, events, and conditions at a certain point in time.
-
 
+
-
□ The population of Southeast Asia '''is rising''' fast.
+
-
 
+
-
==== Past and Past Continuous ====
+
-
 
+
-
We use '''past tense''' to describe past actions, events and conditions at a certain point in time.
+
The event or condition that occurred is complete at that time and has no effect on the present.
The event or condition that occurred is complete at that time and has no effect on the present.
-
* Example:
+
Example:
-
 
+
-
□ Ludwig van Beethoven '''was''' an German musician and composer. He '''lived''' from 1770 to 1827 and '''wrote '''many outstanding pieces of music.
+
-
 
+
-
* Use did / did not (didn't) in questions and negative sentences.
+
-
 
+
-
□ I '''didn't '''do anything wrong.
+
-
Note: do is the main verb
+
:: □ Ludwig van Beethoven '''was''' a German musician and composer. He '''lived''' from 1770 to 1827 and '''wrote '''many outstanding pieces of music.
-
□ '''”Did '''you have time to study last night?”　”No, I '''didn't.'''”
+
Use '''did / did not (didn't)''' in questions and negative sentences.
-
We use the '''past progression form''' to describe actions, events, or conditions that have been ongoing for a certain period of time in the past.
+
:: □ I '''did not''' do anything wrong.
 +
::: Note: "do" is the main verb
 +
:: □ '''”Did '''you have time to study last night?”　”No, I '''did not.'''”
-
* Example:
+
We use the '''Past Continuous tense''' to describe actions, events, or conditions that have been ongoing for a certain period of time in the past.
-
□ ”What '''were''' you '''doing''' at 10 o'clock yesterday morning?”　”I '''was playing''' tennis with my friend.”
+
Example:
-
When something happens while you are doing something, you may use both '''past and past progressing forms''' in a single sentence.
+
:: □ ”What '''were''' you '''doing''' at 10 o'clock yesterday morning?”　”I '''was playing''' tennis with my friend.”
-
* Example:
+
When something happens while you are doing something, you may use both '''Past tense and Past Continuous tense''' in a single sentence.
-
□ I '''was walking''' home last night when I '''saw''' the accident.
+
Example:
-
□ Kei '''burned''' her finger while she '''was cooking'''.
+
:: □ I '''was walking''' home last night when I '''saw''' the accident.
 +
:: □ Kei '''burned''' her finger while she '''was cooking'''.
-
==== Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous ====
+
==== Present Perfect tense and Present Perfect Continuous tense ====
Compare the differences:
Compare the differences:
-
□ It has rained.(Present Perfect)
+
:: □ It has rained. (Present Perfect tense)
 +
:: □ It has been raining. (Present Perfect Continuous tense)
-
□ It has been raining. (Present Perfect Continuous)
+
Use '''Present Perfect tense''' when past actions, experiences, and conditions are ongoing or affecting to the present.
-
 
+
-
Use '''current perfection''' when past actions, experiences, and conditions are ongoing or affecting to the present.
+
It is often accompanied by adverbs such as Just, already, yet, before and once, and prepositions such as since and for.
It is often accompanied by adverbs such as Just, already, yet, before and once, and prepositions such as since and for.
-
* Example:
+
Example:
-
□ He '''has '''already '''submitted''' the report to his class teacher.
+
:: □ He '''has '''already '''submitted''' the report to his class teacher.
 +
::: In this case, a simple past form is also acceptable → "He already submitted the report to his class teacher."
 +
:: □ We '''haven't seen''' each other for a long time.
 +
:: □ “'''Have''' you ever '''been '''to Europ?” “Yes, '''I've been totally once.”
 +
:: □ Ellen '''has lost '''her cell phone again. It is the second time this '''has happened'''.
-
In this case a simple past form is also acceptable
+
'''Present Perfect Continuous tense''' is an expression when certain actions or conditions that have been in the past have recently or just ended and are affecting the present, or are continuing.
-
→ He already submitted the report to his class teacher.
+
It is often accompanied by '''how long''', '''for''', or '''since'''.
-
□ We '''haven't seen''' each other for a long time.
+
Example:
-
□ “'''Have''' you ever '''been '''to Europ?” “Yes, '''I've been t'''o Itary once.”
+
:: □　Maria and I '''have been talking''' to Ms.Chen about the project, and she agrees with us.
 +
:: □　Maria '''has been studying''' English for three years.
 +
:: □ How long '''have you been studying''' English?
-
□ Ellen '''has lost '''her cell phone again. It is the second time this '''has happened'''.
+
==== Past Perfect tense and Past Perfect Continuous tense ====
-
'''The current complete progress form''' is an expression when certain actions or conditions that have been in the past have recently or just ended and are affecting the present, or are continuing.
+
'''The Past Perfect tense''' expresses the movement, experience, and state before a certain point in the past, or until a certain point in the past.
-
Often accompanied by how long, for, since.
+
-
* Example:
+
Example:
-
□　Maria and I '''have been talking''' to Ms.Chen about the project, and she agrees with us.
+
:: □　I '''had''' just '''gotten''' home when you called. I '''had been '''at my parents home.
-
 
+
:: □　I didn't know who he was. I '''had '''never '''talked '''with him before that time.
-
□　Maria '''has been studying''' English for three years.
+
-
 
+
-
□ How long '''have you been studying''' English?
+
-
 
+
-
==== Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous ====
+
-
 
+
-
***************TBD****************
+
-
 
+
-
The past perfect form expresses the movement, experience, and state before a certain point in the past, or until a certain point in the past.
+
-
 
+
-
* Example:
+
-
 
+
-
□　I '''had''' just '''gotten''' home when you called. I '''had been '''at my parents home.
+
-
 
+
-
□　I didn't know who he was. I '''had '''never '''talked '''with him before that time.
+
'''The past perfection form''' represents what happened to a certain point in the past or before a certain point in the past.
'''The past perfection form''' represents what happened to a certain point in the past or before a certain point in the past.
-
* Example:
+
Example:
-
 
+
-
□　The sun was shining when I got up this morning, but the ground was very wet. It '''had been raining'''.
+
-
□　We '''had been playing''' soccer for an hour when it started to rain.  
+
:: □　The sun was shining when I got up this morning, but the ground was very wet. It '''had been raining'''.
 +
:: □　We '''had been playing''' soccer for an hour when it started to rain.  
-
＞＞ '''used to (do)  '''
+
'''used to (do)  '''
It is used to indicate that we have been on a daily basis at a certain time in the past but not now, and that it was a fact at some time in the past but not now.
It is used to indicate that we have been on a daily basis at a certain time in the past but not now, and that it was a fact at some time in the past but not now.
-
* Example:
+
Example:
-
□　I '''used to jog '''every morning with my dog, but I don't do as much now.
+
:: □　I '''used to jog '''every morning with my dog, but I don't do as much now.
 +
:: □　There '''used to be''' a pharmacy next to the hospital, but it closed a year ago.
-
□　There '''used to be''' a pharmacy next to the hospital, but it closed a year ago.
+
Question form = did  (you) used to...?  Negative form = '''did not/didn't used to'''...
-
＊Question form = did  (you) used to...?  Negative form = '''did not/didn't used to'''...
+
==== Future Expression tense ====
 +
We use the Present Continuous tense for personal future actions that have already been established at the present time, and the present form for public timetables, etc.
 +
Let's compare with example sentences.
-
==== Future expression ====
+
Example:
-
 
+
-
'''An expression that means the future in the present / present progressive form'''
+
-
 
+
-
We use the present progressive form for personal future actions that have already been established at the present time, and the present form for public timetables etc. Let's compare with example sentences.
+
-
 
+
-
* Example:
+
-
 
+
-
□''' I'm meeting''' Ken at the library at 10:00 tomorrow morning.
+
-
 
+
-
□　The library '''opens''' at 10:00 tomorrow morning.
+
-
 
+
-
□ What time '''are '''you '''leaving''' tomorrow?
+
-
 
+
-
□ What time '''does''' the train''' leave '''tomorrow?
+
 +
:: □ ''' I'm meeting''' Ken at the library at 10:00 tomorrow morning.
 +
:: □　The library '''opens''' at 10:00 tomorrow morning.
 +
:: □ What time '''are '''you '''leaving''' tomorrow?
 +
:: □ What time '''does''' the train''' leave '''tomorrow?
'''The future expressed in 'Will' '''
'''The future expressed in 'Will' '''
-
When you propose something, when you agree with something, when you promise something, when you decide to do something,
+
If we propose something/agree with something/promise something/decide to do something,
-
I use it when guessing the future.
+
we use it when guessing the future.
-
* Example:
+
Example:
-
□ This assignment looks too much to do.''' I'll help''' you with it.
+
:: □ This assignment looks too much to do. ''' I'll help''' you with it.
 +
:: □ “'''Will you''' close the window?” “Yes, I will.”
 +
:: □ “Don't worry. '''I won't(will not) '''tell anyone what happened.”
 +
:: □ I'm tired. I don't think '''I'll''' go out tonight.
 +
:: □ If you don't study hard, you probably '''won't(will not) '''pass the exam.
-
□ “'''Will you''' close the window?” “Yes, I will.”
+
The question of '''Shall I/we ...?''' is used when making suggestions or recommendations when asking the other party's intention.
-
□ “Don't worry. '''I won't(will not) '''tell anyone what happened.”
+
:: □ '''Shall I '''close the door?
 +
:: □ Where '''shall we''' go for dinner tonight?
-
□ I'm tired. I don't think '''I'll''' go out tonight.
+
==== Exercise 1 ====
-
□ If you don't study hard, you probably '''won't(will not) '''pass the exam.
+
Choose from a group of words and answer so that it is correct.
-
The question of "Shall I/we ...?" is used when making suggestions or recommendations when asking the other party's intention.
+
# I think my English （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）better.
 +
# The restaurant （＿＿＿＿）at 10:00 a.m. and （＿＿＿＿）at 10:00 p.m. every day.
 +
# The tour （＿＿＿＿）very expensive. It （＿＿＿＿）very much.
 +
# We （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）lunch at the Italian restaurant when Akira （＿＿＿＿）.
 +
# We （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）for him more than 30 minutes.
 +
# This is the most interesting game I (＿＿＿＿) ever (＿＿＿＿).
 +
# I went to Hong Kong last year. I （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿） there before.
 +
# Jim was angry with me because I was late and he （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿） for a long time.
 +
# Ann is not home now, I think she （＿＿＿＿） back in half an hour.
 +
# “What are you doing on Friday evening?” “（＿＿＿＿＿＿）to eat out  with my girlfriend.”
-
□ '''Shall I '''close the door?
+
Word group:
-
□ Where '''shall we''' go for dinner tonight?
+
（is getting）（had never been / 'd never been） （opens）（had been waiting）
 +
（was not / wasn't）（I'm going）（closes）（did not cost/didn't cost）
 +
（were having） (played)（will be） （arrived） (have / 've)
 +
（have been waiting / 've been waiting）
-
==== 練習問題１（時制の表現）====
+
→ [[English_Composition/Sentence_Writing_(Part_1)/Exercise1_(Answer)|Exercise1 Answer]]
-
日本語の意味になるようにカッコ(　）を埋めなさい。
 
-
#私は英語が上達してきていると思う。
+
=== Modals ===
-
#: → I think my English （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）better.
+
-
#そのレストランは毎日朝10時から夜10時まで営業している。
+
-
#: → The restaurant （＿＿＿＿）at 10:00a.m. and （＿＿＿＿）at 10:00p.m. every day.
+
-
#そのツアーはそんなに高くなかった。あまりお金がかからなかったよ。
+
-
#: → The tour （＿＿＿＿）very expensive. It （＿＿＿＿）very much.
+
-
#アキラが到着したとき、私たちはイタリアンレストランで昼食を食べていた。
+
-
#: → We （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）lunch at the Italian restaurant when Akira （＿＿＿＿）.
+
-
#私たちは彼を30分以上待っています。
+
-
#: → We （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）for him more than 30 minutes.
+
-
#これは私がいままでに遊んだ中で一番面白いゲームだ。
+
-
#: → This is the most interesting game I (＿＿＿＿) ever (＿＿＿＿).
+
-
#昨年香港に行きました。それまで行ったことがありませんでした。
+
-
#: → I went to Hong Kong last year. I （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿） there before.
+
-
#私が遅刻して長い間待たせてしまったのでジムは腹を立てていた。
+
-
#: → Jim was angly with me because I was late and he （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿） for a long time.
+
-
#アンはいま家に居ません。30分以内に戻ると思います。
+
-
#: → Ann is not home now, I think she （＿＿＿＿） back in half an hour .
+
-
#”金曜の夜は何をしてる？”　”ガールフレンドと食事に行きます。”
+
-
#: → “What are you doing on Friday evening?” “（＿＿＿＿＿＿）to eat out  with my girlfriend.”
+
-
→ [[英作文/センテンス・ライティング_(Part_1)/練習問題1【解答】|解答はこちら]]
+
With verbs, it expresses possibilities, abilities, permits, obligations, prohibitions, needs, requests, suggestions/proposals, inferences, and so on.
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
=== 助動詞の使い方 Modals ===
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
動詞を伴い、可能性、能力、許可、義務、禁止、必要性、依頼、提案／提言、推測などを表現します。
+
==== can, could, (be) able to ====
==== can, could, (be) able to ====
-
現在の'''能力'''を表現するcan, 過去の能力を表現するcould
+
'''can / could''' express the current / past capability
-
*例文
+
Example:
-
□　 Mary '''can''' sing, but she '''can't '''play any musical instruments.  
+
:: □ Mary '''can''' sing, but she '''can't '''play any musical instruments.  
-
（メアリーは歌えるけれど楽器は何も演奏できない。）
+
:: □ I '''couldn't '''finish my homework lastnight, because I fell asleep.
-
□ I '''couldn't '''finish my homework lastnight, because I fell asleep.
+
'''can / could''' express the current / past possibility
-
（眠ってしまったので夕べは宿題を終えることが出来なかった。）
+
-
現在や未来の'''可能性'''を表現するcan, could
+
Example:
-
*例文
+
:: □ I '''can''' come and help you this weekend if you want to.
 +
:: □ We '''could''' take a trip if we had enough time and money.　
-
□ I '''can''' come and help you this weekend if you want to.
+
'''can / could''' express the current / future request
-
（君が望むなら今週末に行って手伝えるよ。）
+
-
□ We '''could''' take a trip if we had enough time and money.　
+
Example:
-
（私たちに十分な時間とお金があれば旅行に行けるのに。）
+
-
現在や未来の'''依頼'''を表現する'''can, could'''  
+
:: □ '''Can''' you speak a little slower? I can't keep up with you.
 +
:: □ '''Could''' I have another cup of coffee?
-
*例文
+
'''can''' expresses the current / future permission
-
□ '''Can''' you speak a little slower? I can't keep up with you.
+
Example:
-
(もう少しゆっくり話してくれる？　解からないんだ。)
+
-
□ '''Could''' I have another cup of coffee?
+
:: □ You '''can't''' use my bicycle to go to school tomorrow. I need it.
-
(コーヒーをもう一杯いただけますか？)
+
:: □ '''Can '''I turn off the TV?  I want to concentrate on my homework.
-
現在や未来の'''許可'''を表現する'''can'''
+
"(be) able to" express the possibility/ability
-
*例文
+
Sometimes '''(be) able to''' is used instead of '''can / could'''.
 +
'''can''' is more common, but we can only use '''(be) able to'' depending on the tense, because "can" only has the present and the past.
-
□ You '''can't''' use my bicycle to go to school tomorrow. I need it.
+
Example:
-
（明日は学校へ行くのに私の自転車を使わないで。私が使うから。）
+
-
□ '''Can '''I turn off  the TV?  I want to concentrate on my homework.
+
:: □ Mr.Zulch, a German research doctor, '''can '''speak four languages.
-
（テレビを消してもいい？　宿題に集中したいんだ。）
+
::: = Mr.Zulch, a German research doctor, '''is able to''' speak four languages. 
-
'''可能性、能力'''を表現するときの '''(be) able to'''
+
:: □ You won't(will not) '''be able to''' make the connecting flight to Tokyo.
 +
:: □ I haven't('''have''' not) '''been able to''' sleep well in these days.
-
'''Can, could'''のかわりに'''(be) able to'''を使うことがあります。Canのほうがより一般的ですが、canは現在と過去しかありませんので時制によっては'''(be) able to''' を使う必要があります。
+
Also, we use '''was / were able to''' instead of '''could''' when expressing what happened under special circumstances.
-
*例文
+
:: □ The earthquake occurred just after midnight local time, but everybody '''was able to''' escape.
-
□ Mr.Zulch, a German research doctor, '''can '''speak four languages.
+
'''could have (done)'''
-
= Mr.Zulch, a German research doctor, '''is able to''' speak four languages. 
+
-
（ドイツ人の研究医であるZulch氏は4ヶ国語を話すことが出来る。）＊現在
+
-
□ You won't(will not) '''be able to''' make the connecting flight to Tokyo.
+
Express what could not be realized despite the possibility.
-
（あなたは東京への乗り継ぎ便に間に合わないでしょう。）＊未来
+
-
□ I haven't('''have''' not) '''been able to''' sleep well in these days.
+
:: □ I '''could have gotten a '''better grade if I made more effort.  
-
（私はこのところ良く眠れていない。）＊現在完了
+
:: □ It '''could have been''' even worse.
-
 
+
-
また、特別な状況の下で起こったことを表現するときには、'''could'''ではなく'''was/were able to'''を使います。
+
-
 
+
-
□ The earthquake occurred just after midnight local time, but everybody '''was able to''' escape.　（現地時間の真夜中ちょっと過ぎに地震が起きたが、全員避難することが出来た。）＊特別な状況　注：否定形のcould not/couldn'tはこの場合も使えます。
+
-
 
+
-
＞＞ '''could have (done)'''
+
-
 
+
-
可能性があったにもかかわらず実現しなかったことを表現します。
+
-
 
+
-
□ I '''could have gotten '''better grade if I made more effort.  
+
-
（もっと努力していたらもっと良い成績を取れた）
+
-
 
+
-
□ It '''could have been''' even worse.
+
-
（不幸中の幸いだった。）
+
==== must, have to ====
==== must, have to ====
-
確実な推測の'''must'''
+
'''must''' expresses the sure guess
-
 
+
-
*例文
+
-
 
+
-
□ The weather was very nice during their vacation, so they '''must''' have had a good time.
+
-
（彼らの休暇中はとても天気が良かったので、彼らは楽しんだに違いない。）
+
-
 
+
-
□ Nobody answer the phone. They '''must not''' be home.
+
-
（誰も電話に出ないから彼らは留守に違いない。）
+
-
 
+
-
現在や未来の義務、必要な行動を表す'''must'''
+
-
 
+
-
*例文
+
-
□ You '''must '''wear a seat belt when you are in a car.
+
Example:
-
（車の中ではシートベルトを着用のこと。）
+
-
□ This application form '''must''' be mailed by today.
+
:: □ The weather was very nice during their vacation, so they '''must''' have had a good time.  
-
（この申請書は今日中に郵送しなければならない。）
+
:: □ Nobody answers the phone. They '''must not''' be home.
-
＞＞ '''have to''' と'''must'''
+
'''must''' expresses the present and future obligations and required actions
-
Have toは助動詞ではありませんがmustと同じように義務や必要を表現します。疑問文や否定文ではdo(not)/does(not)/did(not)を使います。
+
Example:
-
また、Mustは現在と未来でしか使えませんので過去形のときはhad toを使います。
+
-
*例文
+
:: □ You '''must '''wear a seat belt when you are in a car.
 +
:: □ This application form '''must''' be mailed by today.
-
□ Julie '''has to''' take her mother to the hospital this morning.
+
'''have to''' and '''must'''
-
（'''Julie'''は今朝お母さんを病院に連れて行かなければならない。）
+
-
□ You don't '''have to''' use public transportation to work. You can walk.  
+
"have to" is not an auxiliary verb, but it expresses duties and needs in the same way as "must".
-
（仕事へ行くのに公共交通機関を使う必要はない。歩いて行けるよ。）
+
Use "do (not) / does (not) / did (not)" for questions and negative sentences.
 +
Also, since "must" can be used only in the present and future, use "had to" when in the past.
-
□ This application form '''had to''' be mailed by yesterday.
+
Example:
-
（この申請書は昨日までに郵送しなければならなかった。）
+
-
□ What do I '''have to''' do to get a letter of recommendation?　
+
:: □ Julie '''has to''' take her mother to the hospital this morning.
-
（推薦状をもらうには何をする必要がありますか？）
+
:: □ You don't '''have to''' use public transportation to work. You can walk.
 +
:: □ This application form '''had to''' be mailed by yesterday.
 +
:: □ What do I '''have to''' do to get a letter of recommendation?　
-
注：'''must not''' (mustn't) と'''don't/doesn't have to'''では意味が異なります。
+
Note: '''must not (mustn't) ''' has a different meaning of '''don't / doesn't have to'''
-
*例文
+
-
□ You '''must not''' go out now.
+
Example:
-
（いま外に出てはいけません。）
+
-
□ You '''don't have to''' go out now.
+
:: □ You '''must not''' go out now.
-
（いま外に出る必要はありません＝出たければ出ても良い）
+
:: □ You '''don't have to''' go out now.
==== may,  might ====
==== may,  might ====
-
許可の'''may, might'''
+
'''may / might''' express the permission
-
'''can'''を使用するほうが一般的です。
+
It is more common to use '''can'''.
-
□ You '''may''' not go out alone after 10 o'clock at night.
+
:: □ You '''may''' not go out alone after 10 o'clock at night.
-
（夜10時以降は独りで外出してはいけません。）
+
:: □ '''Might''' I ask you some questions?
-
□ '''Might''' I ask you some questions?
+
'''may / might''' express the possibilities and guesses
-
（質問してもよろしいですか？）
+
-
可能性や推量の'''may, might'''
+
It contains more indeterminacy than '''be going to''' or '''will'''.
-
be going toや willよりも不確定要素を含みます。
+
:: □ Alex '''may be / might be''' able to give you a chance to get some part-time job.
 +
:: □ It '''may not / might not''' be true.
-
□ Alex '''may be / might be''' able to give you a chance to get some part-time job.  
+
In the past tense, we use the form '''may / might + have done'''.
-
（Alexがあなたに何かパートの仕事に就くチャンスを与えられるかもしれない。）
+
-
□ It '''may not / might not''' be true.
+
:: □ I can't find my umbrella anywhere. I '''might / may  have left''' it somewhere last night,
-
（それは真実ではないだろう。）
+
-
＞＞ 過去形にするときには'''may /might + have done'''のかたち
+
'''could''' has a similar meaning.
-
□ I can't find my umbrella anywhere. I '''might / may have left''' it somewhere last night,
+
:: □ It '''could''' be true.
-
（傘がどこにも見つからない。夕べどこかに置き忘れたのだろう。）
+
:: □ I can't find my umbrella anywhere. I '''could have left '''it somewhere last night,
-
＞＞ '''could''' も類似の意味を持ちます。
+
'''may be''' and '''maybe'''
-
□ It '''could''' be true. （それは真実だろう。）
+
Do not confuse '''may''' (auxiliary verbs) + '''be''' (verbs) with '''maybe''' (adverbs) representing uncertainty.
-
□ I can't find my umbrella anywhere. I '''could  have left '''it somewhere last night,
+
:: □ My father '''may be''' outside. (OK)
-
（傘がどこにも見つからない。夕べどこかに置き忘れたのだろう。）
+
:: □ My father '''maybe''' outside. (NG)
-
 
+
-
注：'''may be'''と'''maybe'''
+
-
 
+
-
'''may'''(助動詞)＋'''be'''(動詞)と、不確実性を表す'''maybe'''(副詞)とを混同しないこと。
+
-
 
+
-
→ My father '''may be''' outside. (OK)
+
-
 
+
-
→ My father '''maybe''' outside. (NG)
+
==== should, ought to, had better ====
==== should, ought to, had better ====
-
'''should'''はしばしばとthink(I think, I don't think, Do you think...)と共に使われます。
+
'''should''' is often used with and think (I think, I don't think, Do you think ...).
-
意見、提言、忠告、助言などを表現する'''should'''
+
'''should''' expresses opinions, recommendations, and advice.
-
□ I think you '''should''' visit your parents more often.
+
:: □ I think you '''should''' visit your parents more often.
-
（もう少し頻繁にご両親を訪ねたほうがいいと思います。）
+
:: □ I think you '''should '''apply for this job.
 +
:: □ I think you '''should have '''applied for this job.
-
□ I think you '''should '''apply for this job.
+
'''should''' expresses things what should be / should do what
-
（君はこの仕事に応募したほうがいいと思う。）
+
-
□ I think you '''should have '''applied for this job.
+
:: □ I don't think the price on this tag is right. It '''should''' be $19.50, not $29.50.  
-
（君がこの仕事に応募すれば良かった のにと思う。）
+
:: □ The government '''should not''' raise taxes at this time of the year.
-
～するべき、～であるべきを表現する'''should '''
+
'''should''' is similar to '''must''', but is softer than '''must'''.
-
□ I don't think the price on this tag is right. It '''should''' be $19.50, not $29.50.
+
:: □ You '''should''' apologize.
-
（このタグの価格は正しくないと思う。$29.50ではなく$19.50であるはずだ。）
+
:: □ You '''must''' apologize.
-
 
+
-
□ The government '''should not''' raise taxes at this time of  the year.
+
-
（政府はこの時点で税を引き上げるべきではない。）
+
-
 
+
-
＊'''should'''はmustと似ていますが、'''must'''よりもやわらかい表現になります。
+
-
 
+
-
□ You '''should''' apologize.（謝ったほうがいい。）
+
-
 
+
-
□ You '''must''' apologize,（誤らなければならない。）
+
'''ought to'''
'''ought to'''
-
'''ought'''はshouldと同じですが'''必ずtoとセットにします'''。
+
'''ought''' is the same as '''should''', but must be set '''to'''.
-
また否定形では使われません。（should notを用います）
+
It is not used in the negative form. ('''should not''' be used)
-
□ Allen has been studying hard for the exam, so he '''ought to / should '''pass.
+
:: □ Allen has been studying hard for the exam, so he '''ought to / should '''pass.
-
（Allen は一生懸命試験勉強をしてきたのできっとパスするはずだ。）
+
:: □ You '''ought to / should''' wash your car before dark.
-
 
+
-
□ You '''ought to / should''' wash your car before dark.
+
-
（日が暮れる前に車を洗ったほうがいい。）
+
'''had better (I'd better, you'd better...)'''
'''had better (I'd better, you'd better...)'''
-
口語表現で用います。
+
It is used in spoken language, similar in meaning to '''should / ought to''', but not necessarily the same.
-
shouldや ought to と意味が似ていますが、必ずしも同じではありません。shouldはあらゆるケースに使用可能ですが、'''had better''' は特定的な状態で使われ、忠告に従わないと問題が起こるような場合で用いられます。
+
'''should be''' is usable in all cases, but '''had better''' is used in specific situations and where problems may occur if you do not follow the advice.
-
否定形は'''had better not ('d better not)'''。
+
That negative form is '''had better not ('d better not)'''.
-
□ I have to meet Yuki at 5 o'clock. '''I'd better''' go now or I'll be late.
+
:: □ I have to meet Yuki at 5 o'clock. '''I'd better''' go now or I'll be late.
-
（５時に Yukiに会わなければならない。もう行かないと遅れてしまう。）
+
:: □ '''We'd better''' take an umbrella. It might rain later.
-
 
+
:: □ '''You'd better not '''be late.(or they will be angry).
-
□ '''We'd better''' take an umbrella. It might rain later.
+
-
（傘を持っていったほうがいい。後で雨が降るかもしれない。）
+
-
 
+
-
□ '''You'd better not '''be late.(or they will be angry).
+
-
（遅刻しないように。遅れると彼らは怒るよ。）
+
==== would ====
==== would ====
-
～だろう、～であろうに、～するつもりだ（だった）を表現する'''would'''
+
'''would''' expresses the meaning of "it will be ... / to be ... / intend(ed) to ...".
-
□ Emy said she '''would''' go there alone.
+
:: □ Emy said she '''would''' go there alone.
-
（Emy は一人でそこへ行くつもりだと言った。）
+
:: □ It '''would''' be nice to buy a new smartphone, but I can't afford it.
 +
:: □ We didn't invite them to the party. They '''would not''' have come anyway.
-
□ It '''would''' be nice to buy a new smartphone, but I can't afford it.
+
'''would''' expresses suggestions and wishes politely.
-
（新しいスマフォを買えればいいけど（高すぎて)買えないな。）
+
-
□ We didn't invite them to the party. They '''wouldn't''' have come anyway.
+
:: □ I '''would''' like to get some information about hotels in Tokyo, please.
-
（パーティに招待しなかったけど、いずれにしても彼らは来なかっただろう。）
+
:: □ “'''Would '''you like to have lunch with us on Sunday?” “Yes, I'd love to.”
 +
:: □ '''Would''' it be possible for you to see me on Monday morning at 10 o'clock?
-
提案や希望を丁寧に表現するときの'''would '''
+
'''would''' expresses habits and repetitive behaviors for a certain period of time in the past
-
□ I '''would''' like to get some information about hotels in Tokyo, please.
+
:: □ When we were small, we '''would''' go sledding and skating every winter.
-
（東京のホテルについての情報をいただきたいのですが。）
+
:: □ My father '''would '''often comes back home very late at night.
-
□ “'''Would '''you like to have lunch with us on Sunday?” “Yes, I'd love to.”
+
期待（～だといいのに）を表現する'''I wish... would /wouldn't'''
-
（”日曜日のランチを一緒にいかがですか？'''はい、ご一緒させていただきたいです。”）
+
-
□ '''Would''' it be possible for you to see me on Monday morning at 10 o'clock ?
+
'''I wish ... / would / wouldn't''' expresses expectations (even though it is good).
-
（月曜日の朝１０時にお会いすることは可能でしょうか。）
+
-
過去の一定の期間の習慣や反復行動（～したものだ）を表現するときの'''would'''
+
:: □ I wish Emy '''would''' come.
 +
:: □ I wish he '''would not'''always leave the door open. It bothers me.
-
□ When we were small, we '''would''' go sledding and skating every winter.
+
will, won't の過去形で使う'''would, wouldn't '''
-
（私たちが子供のころ、毎年冬にはそり滑りやスケートに行ったものだ。）
+
-
□ My father '''would '''often comes back home very late at night.
+
'''would / wouldn'ｔ''' to use in the past tense of '''will / won't'''
-
（父はしばしば夜とても遅い時間に帰宅したものだ。）
+
-
期待（～だといいのに）を表現する'''I wish... would /wouldn't'''
+
:: □ I promise I '''won't '''be late. →I promised that I '''wouldn't''' be late.
 +
:: □ Ann:” I '''will''' call her and tell her the truth.” →Ann '''said''' she '''would''' call her and tell her the truth.
-
□ I wish Emy '''would''' come.
 
-
（Emyが来てくれればいいのに。）
 
-
□ I wish he '''wouldn't '''always leave the door open. It bothers me.
+
==== Exercise 2 ====
-
（彼がいつもドアを開けっ放しでおくのはやめて欲しい。気になるんだ。）
+
-
will, won't の過去形で使う'''would, wouldn't '''
+
Choose from a group of words and answer so that it is correct.
-
□ I promise I '''won't '''be late. →I promis'''ed''' that I '''wouldn't''' be late.
+
# What are you doing here?  You （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）in school right now, （＿＿＿＿＿） you?
-
（遅れないと約束します/しました。）
+
# If you （＿＿＿＿）find her in the office, she （＿＿＿＿）attending the conference.
 +
# I （＿＿＿＿）rather go to Europe than the U.S. for summer vacation.
 +
# Peter will not （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）attend the meeting on Wednesday since he is out on a business trip this week. 
 +
# You （＿＿＿＿）have gotten that shirt at the outlet for a lower price!
 +
# It （＿＿＿＿＿）appreciated if you（＿＿＿＿）mail me back by Friday.
 +
# It's 10:00 already. I（＿＿＿＿＿）call my mother before she starts worrying too much.
 +
# Barbara（＿＿＿＿＿＿）come to school tomorrow.
 +
# （＿＿＿＿＿）you help me move next weekend?
 +
#: It looks like rain. You（＿＿＿＿＿）take an umbrella with you.
-
□ Ann:” I '''will''' call her and tell her the truth.” →Ann '''said''' she '''would''' call her and tell her the truth.
+
Word group:
-
（Ann:”彼女に電話して本当のことを話すわ。”　/　Annは彼女に電話して本当のことを話すと言った。）
+
 +
（should be）（could）（would be）（may not / might not）（Can / Could）
 +
（shouldn't）（be able to）（can / would）（should）（can't）（would）
-
==== 練習問題２（助動詞の使い方）====
+
→ [[English_Composition/Sentence_Writing_(Part_1)/Exercise2_(Answer)|Exercise2 Answer]]
-
日本語の意味になるようにカッコ(　）を埋めなさい。
 
-
#ここで何しているの。学校に居なくてはいけない時間でしょ。
+
== Related Links ==
-
#: → What are you doing here?  You （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）in school right now, （＿＿＿＿＿） you?
+
-
#オフィスに居なかったら彼女は会議に出席しているに違いない。
+
-
#: →  If you （＿＿＿＿）find her in the office, she （＿＿＿＿）attending the conference.
+
-
#夏休みにはどちらかといえばアメリカよりもヨーロッパへ行きたい。
+
-
#: → I （＿＿＿＿）rather go to Europe than U.S. for summer vacation.
+
-
#Peterは今週出張しているので水曜日の会議には出られないだろう。
+
-
#: →  Peter will not （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）attend the meeting on Wednesday since he is out on a business trip this week. 
+
-
#あのシャツ、アウトレットでもっと安く買えたのに！
+
-
#: → You （＿＿＿＿）have gotten that shirt at the outlet for lower price!
+
-
#金曜日までにメールで返事をいただければ幸いです。
+
-
#: → It （＿＿＿＿＿）appreciated if you（＿＿＿＿）mail me back by Friday.
+
-
#もう１０時だ。あまり心配しないうちに母に電話をしなければ。
+
-
#: → It's 10:00 already. I（＿＿＿＿＿）call my mother before she starts worrying too much.
+
-
#バーバラは明日学校に来ないかもしれない。
+
-
#: → Barbara（＿＿＿＿＿＿）come to school tomorrow.
+
-
#来週末に引越しを手伝ってもらえますか？
+
-
#: → （＿＿＿＿＿）you help me move next weekend?
+
-
#雨になりそうだから傘を持っていったほうがいいですよ。
+
-
#: → It looks like rain. You（＿＿＿＿＿）take an umbrella with you
+
-
 
+
-
→ [[英作文/センテンス・ライティング_(Part_1)/練習問題2【解答】|解答はこちら]]
+
-
 
+
-
== 関連項目 ==
+
* [http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/english-grammar-guide/ English Grammar: a complete guide - Edufind]
* [http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/english-grammar-guide/ English Grammar: a complete guide - Edufind]
* [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries]
* [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries]
-
== CAIテスト  ==
+
== CAI Exercise ==
-
*[[cai_ja:ENGWRI00010005|CAIテストのページへ]]
+
*<span class="pops"> [[cai2_en:ENGWRI00010005|Go to CAI Exercise page]] </span>
-
 
+
[[en:English_Composition/Sentence_Writing_(Part_1)]]
-
 
+
[[ja:英作文/センテンス・ライティング_(Part_1)]]
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
************************************************************
+
-
 
+
-
 
+
-
=== Exercise ===
+
-
 
+
-
==== Exercise 1 （Subordinate clause）====
+
-
 
+
-
Write out the subordinate clause part included in each of the following sentences.
+
-
 
+
-
# While we were watching the soccer game, it began to rain.
+
-
# Do you know anyone who speaks English and French fluently?
+
-
# What you are saying is completely wrong.
+
-
# We know some people who live in the United States.
+
-
# My mother always cooked for us even though she had a full time job.
+
-
# Everything that happened was basically my fault.
+
-
 
+
-
→ [[English_Composition/Clauses|Clauses/Exercise1_(Answer)|Exercise1 Answer]]
+
-
 
+
-
==== Exercise 2 （Adverbial clause）====
+
-
 
+
-
Choose from the selection groups (a) to (e) and fill in the blanks. Use capital letters as needed.
+
-
 
+
-
# [<u>______________________</u>] is not too difficult.
+
-
# I have no idea [<u>______________________</u>].
+
-
# We will arrive the airport by four [<u>______________________</u>].
+
-
# The woman [<u>______________________</u>] is a principal of our school.
+
-
# We stayed at the beach villa [<u>______________________</u>].
+
-
# We rented a car with navigation [<u>______________________</u>].
+
-
# [<u>______________________</u>], this road always has a traffic jam.
+
-
 
+
-
Selection group:
+
-
*(a) whom you met at the graduation
+
-
*(b) when it snows
+
-
*(c) so that we would not get lost
+
-
*(d) that Kim recommended to us
+
-
*(e) how I got home last night
+
-
*(f) that you study English
+
-
*(g) if we leave now
+
-
 
+
-
→ [[English_Composition/Clauses|Clauses/Exercise2_(Answer)|Exercise2 Answer]]
+
-
 
+
-
== Related Links ==
+
-
 
+
-
* [http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/english-grammar-guide/ English Grammar: a complete guide - Edufind]
+
-
* [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries]
+
-
 
+
-
== CAIテスト  ==
+
-
 
+
-
*<span class="pops"> [[cai2_en:ENGWRI00010004|Go to CAI Exercise page]] </span>
+

Latest revision as of 09:56, 14 November 2019

English Composition ＞ Sentence Writing (Part 1)

Contents

Sentence Writing (Part 1)

Overview

It is important to write sentences in a concise and easy-to-understand manner. Generally, one paragraph is created by putting together 5 to 8 sentences in order.

Formal sentences do not use contractions such as I'm, I've, don't, I'll, etc. (Used in spoken sentences such as conversations and emails.)

Sentence writing is available in chapters 5 to 8. Expression of tense in Part 1, usage of auxiliary verbs, expression of passive and active in Part 2, usage of the article, usage of conjunction and preposition in Part 3, expression of adjective and adverb in Part 4 - Word order and position Learn about subject-verb matches and punctuation marks. Examples and exercises are provided for each item. The test questions are a mix of practice questions.

Details of each item will be omitted, so please refer to the grammar index list:

  • Tenses
  • Modals
  • Passive and Active Voice
  • Articles
  • Conjunctions and Prepositions
  • Adjectives and Adverbs -Word Order-
  • Subject-Verb Agreement
  • Punctuation

Tenses

Present tense and Present Continuous tense

Present tense is used to express everyday things, conditions, and actions, or to state facts. It does not matter if it is in progress at the moment.

Example:

□ I get up at 7:00 every morning.
□ I know that Hiro speaks English very well.（Note: Don't forget the "-s")
□ The earth goes around the sun.

do / does are used in questions and negative sentences.

□ What do you do?
Note: The present progress form meaning "What are you doing now?"
□　It does not rain very much in the Middle East Countries.

Use the progressive form to express an ongoing thing, condition, or action that has already begun and is not yet finished. It is also used to represent things, conditions, and actions that occur in the near future (today, tonight, this week, etc.) and to represent changes that are happening.

Example:

□ Alex is a student at the college and studying Japanese.
□ I'm talking to my friend on the phone right now.
□ We can go out now. It is not raining anymore.
□ The population of Southeast Asia is rising fast.

Past tense and Past Continuous tense

We use Past tense to describe past actions, events, and conditions at a certain point in time. The event or condition that occurred is complete at that time and has no effect on the present.

Example:

□ Ludwig van Beethoven was a German musician and composer. He lived from 1770 to 1827 and wrote many outstanding pieces of music.

Use did / did not (didn't) in questions and negative sentences.

□ I did not do anything wrong.
Note: "do" is the main verb
□ ”Did you have time to study last night?”　”No, I did not.”

We use the Past Continuous tense to describe actions, events, or conditions that have been ongoing for a certain period of time in the past.

Example:

□ ”What were you doing at 10 o'clock yesterday morning?”　”I was playing tennis with my friend.”

When something happens while you are doing something, you may use both Past tense and Past Continuous tense in a single sentence.

Example:

□ I was walking home last night when I saw the accident.
□ Kei burned her finger while she was cooking.

Present Perfect tense and Present Perfect Continuous tense

Compare the differences:

□ It has rained. (Present Perfect tense)
□ It has been raining. (Present Perfect Continuous tense)

Use Present Perfect tense when past actions, experiences, and conditions are ongoing or affecting to the present. It is often accompanied by adverbs such as Just, already, yet, before and once, and prepositions such as since and for.

Example:

□ He has already submitted the report to his class teacher.
In this case, a simple past form is also acceptable → "He already submitted the report to his class teacher."
□ We haven't seen each other for a long time.
□ “Have you ever been to Europ?” “Yes, I've been totally once.”
□ Ellen has lost her cell phone again. It is the second time this has happened.

Present Perfect Continuous tense is an expression when certain actions or conditions that have been in the past have recently or just ended and are affecting the present, or are continuing. It is often accompanied by how long, for, or since.

Example:

□　Maria and I have been talking to Ms.Chen about the project, and she agrees with us.
□　Maria has been studying English for three years.
□ How long have you been studying English?

Past Perfect tense and Past Perfect Continuous tense

The Past Perfect tense expresses the movement, experience, and state before a certain point in the past, or until a certain point in the past.

Example:

□　I had just gotten home when you called. I had been at my parents home.
□　I didn't know who he was. I had never talked with him before that time.

The past perfection form represents what happened to a certain point in the past or before a certain point in the past.

Example:

□　The sun was shining when I got up this morning, but the ground was very wet. It had been raining.
□　We had been playing soccer for an hour when it started to rain.

used to (do)

It is used to indicate that we have been on a daily basis at a certain time in the past but not now, and that it was a fact at some time in the past but not now.

Example:

□　I used to jog every morning with my dog, but I don't do as much now.
□　There used to be a pharmacy next to the hospital, but it closed a year ago.

Question form = did (you) used to...? Negative form = did not/didn't used to...

Future Expression tense

We use the Present Continuous tense for personal future actions that have already been established at the present time, and the present form for public timetables, etc. Let's compare with example sentences.

Example:

□ I'm meeting Ken at the library at 10:00 tomorrow morning.
□　The library opens at 10:00 tomorrow morning.
□ What time are you leaving tomorrow?
□ What time does the train leave tomorrow?

The future expressed in 'Will'

If we propose something/agree with something/promise something/decide to do something, we use it when guessing the future.

Example:

□ This assignment looks too much to do. I'll help you with it.
□ “Will you close the window?” “Yes, I will.”
□ “Don't worry. I won't(will not) tell anyone what happened.”
□ I'm tired. I don't think I'll go out tonight.
□ If you don't study hard, you probably won't(will not) pass the exam.

The question of Shall I/we ...? is used when making suggestions or recommendations when asking the other party's intention.

□ Shall I close the door?
□ Where shall we go for dinner tonight?

Exercise 1

Choose from a group of words and answer so that it is correct.

  1. I think my English （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）better.
  2. The restaurant （＿＿＿＿）at 10:00 a.m. and （＿＿＿＿）at 10:00 p.m. every day.
  3. The tour （＿＿＿＿）very expensive. It （＿＿＿＿）very much.
  4. We （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）lunch at the Italian restaurant when Akira （＿＿＿＿）.
  5. We （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）for him more than 30 minutes.
  6. This is the most interesting game I (＿＿＿＿) ever (＿＿＿＿).
  7. I went to Hong Kong last year. I （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿） there before.
  8. Jim was angry with me because I was late and he （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿） for a long time.
  9. Ann is not home now, I think she （＿＿＿＿） back in half an hour.
  10. “What are you doing on Friday evening?” “（＿＿＿＿＿＿）to eat out with my girlfriend.”

Word group:

（is getting）（had never been / 'd never been） （opens）（had been waiting） （was not / wasn't）（I'm going）（closes）（did not cost/didn't cost） （were having） (played)（will be） （arrived） (have / 've) （have been waiting / 've been waiting）

→ Exercise1 Answer


Modals

With verbs, it expresses possibilities, abilities, permits, obligations, prohibitions, needs, requests, suggestions/proposals, inferences, and so on.

can, could, (be) able to

can / could express the current / past capability

Example:

□ Mary can sing, but she can't play any musical instruments.
□ I couldn't finish my homework lastnight, because I fell asleep.

can / could express the current / past possibility

Example:

□ I can come and help you this weekend if you want to.
□ We could take a trip if we had enough time and money.　

can / could express the current / future request

Example:

□ Can you speak a little slower? I can't keep up with you.
□ Could I have another cup of coffee?

can expresses the current / future permission

Example:

□ You can't use my bicycle to go to school tomorrow. I need it.
□ Can I turn off the TV? I want to concentrate on my homework.

"(be) able to" express the possibility/ability

Sometimes (be) able to is used instead of can / could. 'can is more common, but we can only use (be) able to depending on the tense, because "can" only has the present and the past.

Example:

□ Mr.Zulch, a German research doctor, can speak four languages.
= Mr.Zulch, a German research doctor, is able to speak four languages.
□ You won't(will not) be able to make the connecting flight to Tokyo.
□ I haven't(have not) been able to sleep well in these days.

Also, we use was / were able to instead of could when expressing what happened under special circumstances.

□ The earthquake occurred just after midnight local time, but everybody was able to escape.

could have (done)

Express what could not be realized despite the possibility.

□ I could have gotten a better grade if I made more effort.
□ It could have been even worse.

must, have to

must expresses the sure guess

Example:

□ The weather was very nice during their vacation, so they must have had a good time.
□ Nobody answers the phone. They must not be home.

must expresses the present and future obligations and required actions

Example:

□ You must wear a seat belt when you are in a car.
□ This application form must be mailed by today.

have to and must

"have to" is not an auxiliary verb, but it expresses duties and needs in the same way as "must". Use "do (not) / does (not) / did (not)" for questions and negative sentences. Also, since "must" can be used only in the present and future, use "had to" when in the past.

Example:

□ Julie has to take her mother to the hospital this morning.
□ You don't have to use public transportation to work. You can walk.
□ This application form had to be mailed by yesterday.
□ What do I have to do to get a letter of recommendation?　

Note: must not (mustn't) has a different meaning of don't / doesn't have to

Example:

□ You must not go out now.
□ You don't have to go out now.

may, might

may / might express the permission

It is more common to use can.

□ You may not go out alone after 10 o'clock at night.
□ Might I ask you some questions?

may / might express the possibilities and guesses

It contains more indeterminacy than be going to or will.

□ Alex may be / might be able to give you a chance to get some part-time job.
□ It may not / might not be true.

In the past tense, we use the form may / might + have done.

□ I can't find my umbrella anywhere. I might / may have left it somewhere last night,

could has a similar meaning.

□ It could be true.
□ I can't find my umbrella anywhere. I could have left it somewhere last night,

may be and maybe

Do not confuse may (auxiliary verbs) + be (verbs) with maybe (adverbs) representing uncertainty.

□ My father may be outside. (OK)
□ My father maybe outside. (NG)

should, ought to, had better

should is often used with and think (I think, I don't think, Do you think ...).

should expresses opinions, recommendations, and advice.

□ I think you should visit your parents more often.
□ I think you should apply for this job.
□ I think you should have applied for this job.

should expresses things what should be / should do what

□ I don't think the price on this tag is right. It should be $19.50, not $29.50.
□ The government should not raise taxes at this time of the year.

should is similar to must, but is softer than must.

□ You should apologize.
□ You must apologize.

ought to

ought is the same as should, but must be set to. It is not used in the negative form. (should not be used)

□ Allen has been studying hard for the exam, so he ought to / should pass.
□ You ought to / should wash your car before dark.

had better (I'd better, you'd better...)

It is used in spoken language, similar in meaning to should / ought to, but not necessarily the same. should be is usable in all cases, but had better is used in specific situations and where problems may occur if you do not follow the advice. That negative form is had better not ('d better not).

□ I have to meet Yuki at 5 o'clock. I'd better go now or I'll be late.
□ We'd better take an umbrella. It might rain later.
□ You'd better not be late.(or they will be angry).

would

would expresses the meaning of "it will be ... / to be ... / intend(ed) to ...".

□ Emy said she would go there alone.
□ It would be nice to buy a new smartphone, but I can't afford it.
□ We didn't invite them to the party. They would not have come anyway.

would expresses suggestions and wishes politely.

□ I would like to get some information about hotels in Tokyo, please.
□ “Would you like to have lunch with us on Sunday?” “Yes, I'd love to.”
□ Would it be possible for you to see me on Monday morning at 10 o'clock?

would expresses habits and repetitive behaviors for a certain period of time in the past

□ When we were small, we would go sledding and skating every winter.
□ My father would often comes back home very late at night.

期待（～だといいのに）を表現するI wish... would /wouldn't

I wish ... / would / wouldn't expresses expectations (even though it is good).

□ I wish Emy would come.
□ I wish he would notalways leave the door open. It bothers me.

will, won't の過去形で使うwould, wouldn't

would / wouldn'ｔ to use in the past tense of will / won't

□ I promise I won't be late. →I promised that I wouldn't be late.
□ Ann:” I will call her and tell her the truth.” →Ann said she would call her and tell her the truth.


Exercise 2

Choose from a group of words and answer so that it is correct.

  1. What are you doing here? You （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）in school right now, （＿＿＿＿＿） you?
  2. If you （＿＿＿＿）find her in the office, she （＿＿＿＿）attending the conference.
  3. I （＿＿＿＿）rather go to Europe than the U.S. for summer vacation.
  4. Peter will not （＿＿＿＿＿＿＿）attend the meeting on Wednesday since he is out on a business trip this week.
  5. You （＿＿＿＿）have gotten that shirt at the outlet for a lower price!
  6. It （＿＿＿＿＿）appreciated if you（＿＿＿＿）mail me back by Friday.
  7. It's 10:00 already. I（＿＿＿＿＿）call my mother before she starts worrying too much.
  8. Barbara（＿＿＿＿＿＿）come to school tomorrow.
  9. （＿＿＿＿＿）you help me move next weekend?
    It looks like rain. You（＿＿＿＿＿）take an umbrella with you.

Word group:

（should be）（could）（would be）（may not / might not）（Can / Could） （shouldn't）（be able to）（can / would）（should）（can't）（would）

→ Exercise2 Answer


Related Links

CAI Exercise

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