English Composition/Sentence Writing (Part 1)

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English CompositionSentence Writing (Part 1)

Contents

Sentence Writing (Part 1)

Overview

It is important to write sentences in a concise and easy-to-understand manner. Generally, one paragraph is created by putting together 5 to 8 sentences in order.

Formal sentences do not use contractions such as I'm, I've, don't, I'll, etc. (Used in spoken sentences such as conversations and emails.)

Sentence writing is available in chapters 5 to 8. Expression of tense in Part 1, usage of auxiliary verbs, expression of passive and active in Part 2, usage of article, usage of conjunction and preposition in Part 3, expression of adjective and adverb in Part 4 - Word order and position Learn about subject-verb matches and punctuation marks. Examples and exercises are provided for each item. The test questions are a mix of practice questions.

Details of each item will be omitted, so please refer to the grammar index list:

  • Tenses
  • Modals
  • Passive and Active Voice
  • Articles
  • Conjunctions and Prepositions
  • Adjectives and Adverbs -Word Order-
  • Subject-Verb Agreement
  • Punctuation

Tenses

Present and Present and Continuous

Present form is used to express everyday things, conditions, and actions, or to state facts. It does not matter if it is in progress at the moment.

  • Example:

□ I get up at 7:00 every morning.

□ I know that Hiro speaks English very well. (Note: Don't forget the "-s")

The earth goes around the sun.

  • Do / does are used in questions and negative sentences.

□ What do you do?

Note: The present progress form meaning "What are you doing now?"

□ It does not rain very much in the Middle East Countries.

Use the progressive form to express an ongoing thing, condition, or action that has already begun and is not yet finished. It is also used to represent things, conditions, and actions that occur in the near future (today, tonight, this week, etc.) and to represent changes that are happening.

  • Example:

□ Alex is a student at the collage and studying Japanese.

I'm talking to my friend on the phone right now.

□ We can go out now. It isn't raining anymore.

□ The population of Southeast Asia is rising fast.

Past and Past Continuous

We use past tense to describe past actions, events and conditions at a certain point in time. The event or condition that occurred is complete at that time and has no effect on the present.

  • Example:

□ Ludwig van Beethoven was an German musician and composer. He lived from 1770 to 1827 and wrote many outstanding pieces of music.

  • Use did / did not (didn't) in questions and negative sentences.

□ I didn't do anything wrong.

Note: do is the main verb

”Did you have time to study last night?” ”No, I didn't.

We use the past progression form to describe actions, events, or conditions that have been ongoing for a certain period of time in the past.

  • Example:

□ ”What were you doing at 10 o'clock yesterday morning?” ”I was playing tennis with my friend.”

When something happens while you are doing something, you may use both past and past progressing forms in a single sentence.

  • Example:

□ I was walking home last night when I saw the accident.

□ Kei burned her finger while she was cooking.

Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous

Compare the differences:

□ It has rained.(Present Perfect)

□ It has been raining. (Present Perfect Continuous)

Use current perfection when past actions, experiences, and conditions are ongoing or affecting to the present. It is often accompanied by adverbs such as Just, already, yet, before and once, and prepositions such as since and for.

  • Example:

□ He has already submitted the report to his class teacher.

In this case a simple past form is also acceptable → He already submitted the report to his class teacher.

□ We haven't seen each other for a long time.

□ “Have you ever been to Europ?” “Yes, I've been to Itary once.”

□ Ellen has lost her cell phone again. It is the second time this has happened.

The current complete progress form is an expression when certain actions or conditions that have been in the past have recently or just ended and are affecting the present, or are continuing. Often accompanied by how long, for, since.

  • Example:

□ Maria and I have been talking to Ms.Chen about the project, and she agrees with us.

□ Maria has been studying English for three years.

□ How long have you been studying English?

Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous

                              • TBD****************

過去完了形は過去のある時点まで、あるいは過去のある時点より前の動作や経験、状態を表現します。

  • 例文

□ I had just gotten home when you called. I had been at my parents home. (両親の所に行っていて、君から電話があったとき調度帰宅したところだった。)

□ I didn't know who he was. I had never talked with him before that time. (あの時以前には話したことが無かったから、彼女が誰なのか知らなかった。)

過去完了進行形は過去のある時点まで、あるいは過去のある時点より前に起こっていたことを表現します。

  • 例文

□ The sun was shining when I got up this morning, but the ground was very wet. It had been raining. (今朝起きたとき、日が輝いていたが地面は湿っていた。(夜に)雨が降っていたのだ。)

□ We had been playing soccer for an hour when it started to rain. (雨が降り出したのは私たちが1時間ほどサッカーをしていたときだった。)

>> used to (do)

過去のある時期には日常的に行っていたが現在は行っていない、過去のある時期には事実であったが現在は違ってるという表現に使います。

  • 例文

□ I used to jog every morning with my dog, but I don't do as much now. (以前は毎朝犬と一緒にジョギングしたが、今はあまりしていない。)

□ There used to be a pharmacy next to the hospital, but it closed a year ago. (その病院の隣に薬屋があったのだが1年前に撤退した。)

*疑問形= did (you) used to...? 否定形= did not/didn't used to...

未来の表現 Future

現在/現在進行形で未来を意味する表現

現時点ですでに確定している個人的な未来の行動については現在進行形を、公共的な時刻表などには現在形を用います。例文で比較してみましょう。例文:

I'm meeting Ken at the library at 10:00 tomorrow morning. (明朝10時に図書館でケンと会います。) 

□ The library opens at 10:00 tomorrow morning. (図書館は明朝10時に開館します。)

□ What time are you leaving tomorrow? (明日何時に出かけますか?)

□ What time does the train leave tomorrow? (その電車は明日の何時発ですか?)

Will で表現する未来

何かを提案するとき、何かに同意するとき、何かを約束するとき、何かをしようと決めたとき、 未来を推量するときに使います。例文:

□ This assignment looks too much to do. I'll help you with it. (この宿題はずいぶん沢山あるようだね。手伝ってあげよう。)

□ “Will you close the window?” “Yes, I will.” (”窓を閉めてくれる?” ”いいよ。”)疑問形はwill you......?

□ “Don't worry. I won't(will not) tell anyone what happened.” (心配しないで。何があったか誰にも言わないよ。)

□ I'm tired. I don't think I'll go out tonight. (疲れているので今夜は家に居ようと思う。)

□ If you don't study hard, you probably won't(will not) pass the exam. (一生懸命勉強しないと試験にパスしないかもしれないよ。)

*Shall I...? Shall we...? の疑問形は相手の意向を尋ねるとき、提案や提言をするときに使われます。

Shall I close the door? (ドアを閉めましょうか?)

□ Where shall we go for dinner tonight? (今夜の夕食はどこに行きましょうか?)

練習問題1(時制の表現)

日本語の意味になるようにカッコ( )を埋めなさい。

  1. 私は英語が上達してきていると思う。
    → I think my English (___________)better.
  2. そのレストランは毎日朝10時から夜10時まで営業している。
    → The restaurant (____)at 10:00a.m. and (____)at 10:00p.m. every day.
  3. そのツアーはそんなに高くなかった。あまりお金がかからなかったよ。
    → The tour (____)very expensive. It (____)very much.
  4. アキラが到着したとき、私たちはイタリアンレストランで昼食を食べていた。
    → We (_______)lunch at the Italian restaurant when Akira (____).
  5. 私たちは彼を30分以上待っています。
    → We (_______)for him more than 30 minutes.
  6. これは私がいままでに遊んだ中で一番面白いゲームだ。
    → This is the most interesting game I (____) ever (____).
  7. 昨年香港に行きました。それまで行ったことがありませんでした。
    → I went to Hong Kong last year. I (_________) there before.
  8. 私が遅刻して長い間待たせてしまったのでジムは腹を立てていた。
    → Jim was angly with me because I was late and he (_________) for a long time.
  9. アンはいま家に居ません。30分以内に戻ると思います。
    → Ann is not home now, I think she (____) back in half an hour .
  10. ”金曜の夜は何をしてる?” ”ガールフレンドと食事に行きます。”
    → “What are you doing on Friday evening?” “(______)to eat out with my girlfriend.”

解答はこちら


助動詞の使い方 Modals

動詞を伴い、可能性、能力、許可、義務、禁止、必要性、依頼、提案/提言、推測などを表現します。

can, could, (be) able to

現在の能力を表現するcan, 過去の能力を表現するcould

  • 例文

□  Mary can sing, but she can't play any musical instruments. (メアリーは歌えるけれど楽器は何も演奏できない。)

□ I couldn't finish my homework lastnight, because I fell asleep. (眠ってしまったので夕べは宿題を終えることが出来なかった。)

現在や未来の可能性を表現するcan, could

  • 例文

□ I can come and help you this weekend if you want to. (君が望むなら今週末に行って手伝えるよ。)

□ We could take a trip if we had enough time and money.  (私たちに十分な時間とお金があれば旅行に行けるのに。)

現在や未来の依頼を表現するcan, could

  • 例文

Can you speak a little slower? I can't keep up with you. (もう少しゆっくり話してくれる? 解からないんだ。)

Could I have another cup of coffee? (コーヒーをもう一杯いただけますか?)

現在や未来の許可を表現するcan

  • 例文

□ You can't use my bicycle to go to school tomorrow. I need it. (明日は学校へ行くのに私の自転車を使わないで。私が使うから。)

Can I turn off the TV? I want to concentrate on my homework. (テレビを消してもいい? 宿題に集中したいんだ。)

可能性、能力を表現するときの (be) able to

Can, couldのかわりに(be) able toを使うことがあります。Canのほうがより一般的ですが、canは現在と過去しかありませんので時制によっては(be) able to を使う必要があります。

  • 例文

□ Mr.Zulch, a German research doctor, can speak four languages. = Mr.Zulch, a German research doctor, is able to speak four languages. (ドイツ人の研究医であるZulch氏は4ヶ国語を話すことが出来る。)*現在

□ You won't(will not) be able to make the connecting flight to Tokyo. (あなたは東京への乗り継ぎ便に間に合わないでしょう。)*未来

□ I haven't(have not) been able to sleep well in these days. (私はこのところ良く眠れていない。)*現在完了

また、特別な状況の下で起こったことを表現するときには、couldではなくwas/were able toを使います。

□ The earthquake occurred just after midnight local time, but everybody was able to escape. (現地時間の真夜中ちょっと過ぎに地震が起きたが、全員避難することが出来た。)*特別な状況 注:否定形のcould not/couldn'tはこの場合も使えます。

>> could have (done)

可能性があったにもかかわらず実現しなかったことを表現します。

□ I could have gotten better grade if I made more effort. (もっと努力していたらもっと良い成績を取れた)

□ It could have been even worse. (不幸中の幸いだった。)

must, have to

確実な推測のmust

  • 例文

□ The weather was very nice during their vacation, so they must have had a good time. (彼らの休暇中はとても天気が良かったので、彼らは楽しんだに違いない。)

□ Nobody answer the phone. They must not be home. (誰も電話に出ないから彼らは留守に違いない。)

現在や未来の義務、必要な行動を表すmust

  • 例文

□ You must wear a seat belt when you are in a car. (車の中ではシートベルトを着用のこと。)

□ This application form must be mailed by today. (この申請書は今日中に郵送しなければならない。)

>> have tomust

Have toは助動詞ではありませんがmustと同じように義務や必要を表現します。疑問文や否定文ではdo(not)/does(not)/did(not)を使います。 また、Mustは現在と未来でしか使えませんので過去形のときはhad toを使います。

  • 例文

□ Julie has to take her mother to the hospital this morning. (Julieは今朝お母さんを病院に連れて行かなければならない。)

□ You don't have to use public transportation to work. You can walk. (仕事へ行くのに公共交通機関を使う必要はない。歩いて行けるよ。)

□ This application form had to be mailed by yesterday. (この申請書は昨日までに郵送しなければならなかった。)

□ What do I have to do to get a letter of recommendation?  (推薦状をもらうには何をする必要がありますか?)

注:must not (mustn't) とdon't/doesn't have toでは意味が異なります。

  • 例文

□ You must not go out now. (いま外に出てはいけません。)

□ You don't have to go out now. (いま外に出る必要はありません=出たければ出ても良い)

may, might

許可のmay, might

canを使用するほうが一般的です。

□ You may not go out alone after 10 o'clock at night. (夜10時以降は独りで外出してはいけません。)

Might I ask you some questions? (質問してもよろしいですか?)

可能性や推量のmay, might

be going toや willよりも不確定要素を含みます。

□ Alex may be / might be able to give you a chance to get some part-time job. (Alexがあなたに何かパートの仕事に就くチャンスを与えられるかもしれない。)

□ It may not / might not be true. (それは真実ではないだろう。)

>> 過去形にするときにはmay /might + have doneのかたち

□ I can't find my umbrella anywhere. I might / may have left it somewhere last night, (傘がどこにも見つからない。夕べどこかに置き忘れたのだろう。)

>> could も類似の意味を持ちます。

□ It could be true. (それは真実だろう。)

□ I can't find my umbrella anywhere. I could have left it somewhere last night, (傘がどこにも見つからない。夕べどこかに置き忘れたのだろう。)

注:may bemaybe

may(助動詞)+be(動詞)と、不確実性を表すmaybe(副詞)とを混同しないこと。

→ My father may be outside. (OK)

→ My father maybe outside. (NG)

should, ought to, had better

shouldはしばしばとthink(I think, I don't think, Do you think...)と共に使われます。

意見、提言、忠告、助言などを表現するshould

□ I think you should visit your parents more often. (もう少し頻繁にご両親を訪ねたほうがいいと思います。)

□ I think you should apply for this job. (君はこの仕事に応募したほうがいいと思う。)

□ I think you should have applied for this job. (君がこの仕事に応募すれば良かった のにと思う。)

~するべき、~であるべきを表現するshould

□ I don't think the price on this tag is right. It should be $19.50, not $29.50. (このタグの価格は正しくないと思う。$29.50ではなく$19.50であるはずだ。)

□ The government should not raise taxes at this time of the year. (政府はこの時点で税を引き上げるべきではない。)

shouldはmustと似ていますが、mustよりもやわらかい表現になります。

□ You should apologize.(謝ったほうがいい。)

□ You must apologize,(誤らなければならない。)

ought to

oughtはshouldと同じですが必ずtoとセットにします。 また否定形では使われません。(should notを用います)

□ Allen has been studying hard for the exam, so he ought to / should pass. (Allen は一生懸命試験勉強をしてきたのできっとパスするはずだ。)

□ You ought to / should wash your car before dark. (日が暮れる前に車を洗ったほうがいい。)

had better (I'd better, you'd better...)

口語表現で用います。 shouldや ought to と意味が似ていますが、必ずしも同じではありません。shouldはあらゆるケースに使用可能ですが、had better は特定的な状態で使われ、忠告に従わないと問題が起こるような場合で用いられます。 否定形はhad better not ('d better not)

□ I have to meet Yuki at 5 o'clock. I'd better go now or I'll be late. (5時に Yukiに会わなければならない。もう行かないと遅れてしまう。)

We'd better take an umbrella. It might rain later. (傘を持っていったほうがいい。後で雨が降るかもしれない。)

You'd better not be late.(or they will be angry). (遅刻しないように。遅れると彼らは怒るよ。)

would

~だろう、~であろうに、~するつもりだ(だった)を表現するwould

□ Emy said she would go there alone. (Emy は一人でそこへ行くつもりだと言った。)

□ It would be nice to buy a new smartphone, but I can't afford it. (新しいスマフォを買えればいいけど(高すぎて)買えないな。)

□ We didn't invite them to the party. They wouldn't have come anyway. (パーティに招待しなかったけど、いずれにしても彼らは来なかっただろう。)

提案や希望を丁寧に表現するときのwould

□ I would like to get some information about hotels in Tokyo, please. (東京のホテルについての情報をいただきたいのですが。)

□ “Would you like to have lunch with us on Sunday?” “Yes, I'd love to.” (”日曜日のランチを一緒にいかがですか?はい、ご一緒させていただきたいです。”)

Would it be possible for you to see me on Monday morning at 10 o'clock ? (月曜日の朝10時にお会いすることは可能でしょうか。)

過去の一定の期間の習慣や反復行動(~したものだ)を表現するときのwould

□ When we were small, we would go sledding and skating every winter. (私たちが子供のころ、毎年冬にはそり滑りやスケートに行ったものだ。)

□ My father would often comes back home very late at night. (父はしばしば夜とても遅い時間に帰宅したものだ。)

期待(~だといいのに)を表現するI wish... would /wouldn't

□ I wish Emy would come. (Emyが来てくれればいいのに。)

□ I wish he wouldn't always leave the door open. It bothers me. (彼がいつもドアを開けっ放しでおくのはやめて欲しい。気になるんだ。)

will, won't の過去形で使うwould, wouldn't

□ I promise I won't be late. →I promised that I wouldn't be late. (遅れないと約束します/しました。)

□ Ann:” I will call her and tell her the truth.” →Ann said she would call her and tell her the truth. (Ann:”彼女に電話して本当のことを話すわ。” / Annは彼女に電話して本当のことを話すと言った。)


練習問題2(助動詞の使い方)

日本語の意味になるようにカッコ( )を埋めなさい。

  1. ここで何しているの。学校に居なくてはいけない時間でしょ。
    → What are you doing here? You (________)in school right now, (_____) you?
  2. オフィスに居なかったら彼女は会議に出席しているに違いない。
    → If you (____)find her in the office, she (____)attending the conference.
  3. 夏休みにはどちらかといえばアメリカよりもヨーロッパへ行きたい。
    → I (____)rather go to Europe than U.S. for summer vacation.
  4. Peterは今週出張しているので水曜日の会議には出られないだろう。
    → Peter will not (_______)attend the meeting on Wednesday since he is out on a business trip this week.
  5. あのシャツ、アウトレットでもっと安く買えたのに!
    → You (____)have gotten that shirt at the outlet for lower price!
  6. 金曜日までにメールで返事をいただければ幸いです。
    → It (_____)appreciated if you(____)mail me back by Friday.
  7. もう10時だ。あまり心配しないうちに母に電話をしなければ。
    → It's 10:00 already. I(_____)call my mother before she starts worrying too much.
  8. バーバラは明日学校に来ないかもしれない。
    → Barbara(______)come to school tomorrow.
  9. 来週末に引越しを手伝ってもらえますか?
    → (_____)you help me move next weekend?
  10. 雨になりそうだから傘を持っていったほうがいいですよ。
    → It looks like rain. You(_____)take an umbrella with you

解答はこちら

関連項目

CAIテスト














A clause / subclause is a group of two or more words that includes S + V, but in itself has no full meaning as a sentence. It works as a noun, adjective, or adverb, as if it were a part-of-speech (word) in a sentence.

Noun Clauses

It is led to relatives (who, what, why, how etc), interrogatives (who, what, why, where etc) and subordinate conjunctive (that, if, whent etc). In addition, it plays the role of apposition to explain the subject, object, complement, and preceding nouns in a sentence. It works like a single noun throughout the clause.

Example sentences

The woman who lives across the street used to work for our company.

□ Can you tell me where I can find the bus stop?

□ I know that he is a famous painter.

□ The question is whether he will join us or not.

□ Ludwig van Beethoven, who wrote many outstanding works including the Nineth Symphony, was hearing-impaired in his last years.

□ I'll give you whichever picture you like.

Adjective Clauses

It follows the relatives (that, which, who, who, why, when, where, as etc) followed by S + V to explain or limit the meaning of the preceding nouns and pronouns in the sentence. It may omit the relative when it is placed directly after the modifying noun or pronoun, but you can not omit the relative in the case of supplementary explanation by putting it in commas. Please refer to each section of the grammar for the relative words.

Example sentences

□ The president who made decision on the project is totally responsible. (Bold section modifies "The president")

□ The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting. (Bold section modifies "The book")

□ I would like to get some English books which I can read with ease. (Bold section modifies "some English books")

□ They are the children whom you saw in the park. (Bold section modifies "the children")

□ I met a man whose son knows you. (Bold section modifies "a man". In the case of whose, it is characterized that the noun comes immediately after)

□ That is the reason why you failed the test. (Bold section modifies "the reason")

□ Do you remember the hotel where we stayed last 12:29:46 (Bold section modifies "the hotel")

□ This is the same wallet as I lost yesterday. (Bold section modifies "the same wallet")

Adverbial Clauses

It follows S + V after subordinate conjunctions and relative adverbs to modify the entire main clause of a sentence while having various meanings such as cause, result, condition, degree, time, and mode.

The main conjunctions leading to adverbial clauses are listed below. Please refer to each section of the grammar for details.

Main conjunctions leading to adverbial clauses

after, although, as, as far as, as long as, as if, as soon as, as though, because, before, even though, if, 
provided that, since, so that, that, unless, until, whether, when, whenever, where, whichever, while, whose, why

Adverbial clauses begin with these conjunctions, except "when" and "where". (If "when" and "where" come to the beginning of a sentence, they become independent questions rather than clauses.)

Example sentences

□ Please tell me where the concert hall is. I think I'm lost. (The bold part indicating the place modifies the main clause "Please tell me")

□ Can you imagine when there were no PCs? (The bold part indicating the time modifies the main clause "Can you imagine")

□ Bill was late for school because he had overslept. (The bold part indicating the reason modifies the main clause "Bill was late for school")

□ Kathy was very happy that she passed the entrance exam. (The bold part indicating the reason modifies the main clause "Kathy was very happy")

If we don't hurry, we'll be late. (The bold part indicating the condition modifies the main clause "we'll be late")

□ You can't use this jym unless you are a member. (The bold part indicating the condition modifies the main clause "You can't use this jym")

□ She spoke slowly and clearly so that her grand mother might understand her. (The bold part indicating the objective modifies the main clause "She spoke slowly and clearly")

□ Akira passed the exam although he didn't study hard. (The bold part indicating the concession modifies the main clause "Akira passed the exam")

□ I'm exhausted! I feel as if I have run a full marathon. (The bold part indicating the situation modifies the main clause "I feel")

Remark: "before" and "after" are subordinate conjunctions that represent time when S + V comes immediately after them, but when nouns or gerunds come, they become part of prepositional phrases as prepositions.

□ We decided to have some light meal before we watched the movie. (Adverbial clause ) (Bold part representing the time modifies the whole main clause)

After the movie we decided to have some light meal. (Prepositional phrase) (前置詞+名詞=前置詞句 映画の後で)

(Preposition + noun = preposition phrase. "After the movie")

Exercise

Exercise 1 (Subordinate clause)

Write out the subordinate clause part included in each of the following sentences.

  1. While we were watching the soccer game, it began to rain.
  2. Do you know anyone who speaks English and French fluently?
  3. What you are saying is completely wrong.
  4. We know some people who live in the United States.
  5. My mother always cooked for us even though she had a full time job.
  6. Everything that happened was basically my fault.

Clauses/Exercise1_(Answer)|Exercise1 Answer

Exercise 2 (Adverbial clause)

Choose from the selection groups (a) to (e) and fill in the blanks. Use capital letters as needed.

  1. [______________________] is not too difficult.
  2. I have no idea [______________________].
  3. We will arrive the airport by four [______________________].
  4. The woman [______________________] is a principal of our school.
  5. We stayed at the beach villa [______________________].
  6. We rented a car with navigation [______________________].
  7. [______________________], this road always has a traffic jam.

Selection group:

  • (a) whom you met at the graduation
  • (b) when it snows
  • (c) so that we would not get lost
  • (d) that Kim recommended to us
  • (e) how I got home last night
  • (f) that you study English
  • (g) if we leave now

Clauses/Exercise2_(Answer)|Exercise2 Answer

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